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Widespread introduced species dominate the urban tree assemblage on the endemic‐rich tropical island of São Tomé.

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Title: Widespread introduced species dominate the urban tree assemblage on the endemic‐rich tropical island of São Tomé.
Authors: Strauß, Lena1 (AUTHOR) eelst@leeds.ac.uk, de Lima, Ricardo F.2,3,4,5 (AUTHOR) rfaustinol@gmail.com, Baker, Timothy R.6 (AUTHOR), Benitez Bosco, Laura5,7,8,9,10 (AUTHOR), Dauby, Gilles11 (AUTHOR), Lachenaud, Olivier12,13 (AUTHOR), Lima, Angela14 (AUTHOR), Madre Deus, Dilson14,15 (AUTHOR), Madureira, Maria do Céu16 (AUTHOR), Soares, Estevão17,18 (AUTHOR), Sousa, Pascoal14 (AUTHOR), Stévart, Tariq12,13,19 (AUTHOR), Dallimer, Martin1,20 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ecology & Evolution (20457758). Sep2024, Vol. 14 Issue 9, p1-22. 22p.
Subject Terms: *Urban ecology, *Island ecology, *Forest protection, Native species, Urban trees
Abstract: The Afrotropics are experiencing some of the fastest urbanisation rates on the planet but the impact of city growth on their rich and unique biodiversity remains understudied, especially compared to natural baselines. Little is also known about how introduced species influence β‐diversity in these contexts, and how patterns coincide with native ranges of species. Here we investigated how tree assemblages of the endemic‐rich Afrotropical island of São Tomé differed between urban, rural and natural zones. These were primarily characterised by urban greenspaces, shade plantations, and old‐growth forests, respectively. Based on 81 transects, we assessed biodiversity metrics of endemic, native and introduced species. Tree abundance and species richness were highest in the natural zone, where the composition was most different from the urban zone. The tree community of the rural zone was the most uneven and had the least variation among transects, representing the lowest β‐diversity. The urban zone was dominated by introduced species (57.7%), while the natural zone hosted almost exclusively native species (93.3%), including many endemics (26.1%). The biogeographic realms that species originated from were particularly diverse in the urban zone, with few species from the Afrotropics. In contrast to native and endemic trees, introduced trees were clearly associated with urban and rural expansion, as they were much more abundant and species‐rich in these zones than in the natural zone, facilitating biotic homogenisation. These findings highlight how urban and rural environments are affecting the native tree flora of São Tomé, and the need for conservation measures geared towards globally threatened and endemic tree species. Importantly, these require the protection of natural forests, despite the rising land demands for settlements and agriculture. Ultimately, such action to conserve endemic trees will contribute to global efforts to prevent further biodiversity declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Widespread introduced species dominate the urban tree assemblage on the endemic‐rich tropical island of São Tomé.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Strauß%2C+Lena%22">Strauß, Lena</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> eelst@leeds.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+Lima%2C+Ricardo+F%2E%22">de Lima, Ricardo F.</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3,4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rfaustinol@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baker%2C+Timothy+R%2E%22">Baker, Timothy R.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Benitez Bosco%2C+Laura%22">Benitez Bosco, Laura</searchLink><relatesTo>5,7,8,9,10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dauby%2C+Gilles%22">Dauby, Gilles</searchLink><relatesTo>11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lachenaud%2C+Olivier%22">Lachenaud, Olivier</searchLink><relatesTo>12,13</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lima%2C+Angela%22">Lima, Angela</searchLink><relatesTo>14</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Madre Deus%2C+Dilson%22">Madre Deus, Dilson</searchLink><relatesTo>14,15</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Madureira%2C+Maria+do+Céu%22">Madureira, Maria do Céu</searchLink><relatesTo>16</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Soares%2C+Estevão%22">Soares, Estevão</searchLink><relatesTo>17,18</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sousa%2C+Pascoal%22">Sousa, Pascoal</searchLink><relatesTo>14</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stévart%2C+Tariq%22">Stévart, Tariq</searchLink><relatesTo>12,13,19</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dallimer%2C+Martin%22">Dallimer, Martin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,20</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ecology+%26+Evolution+%2820457758%29%22">Ecology & Evolution (20457758)</searchLink>. Sep2024, Vol. 14 Issue 9, p1-22. 22p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urban+ecology%22">Urban ecology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Island+ecology%22">Island ecology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Forest+protection%22">Forest protection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Native+species%22">Native species</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urban+trees%22">Urban trees</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The Afrotropics are experiencing some of the fastest urbanisation rates on the planet but the impact of city growth on their rich and unique biodiversity remains understudied, especially compared to natural baselines. Little is also known about how introduced species influence β‐diversity in these contexts, and how patterns coincide with native ranges of species. Here we investigated how tree assemblages of the endemic‐rich Afrotropical island of São Tomé differed between urban, rural and natural zones. These were primarily characterised by urban greenspaces, shade plantations, and old‐growth forests, respectively. Based on 81 transects, we assessed biodiversity metrics of endemic, native and introduced species. Tree abundance and species richness were highest in the natural zone, where the composition was most different from the urban zone. The tree community of the rural zone was the most uneven and had the least variation among transects, representing the lowest β‐diversity. The urban zone was dominated by introduced species (57.7%), while the natural zone hosted almost exclusively native species (93.3%), including many endemics (26.1%). The biogeographic realms that species originated from were particularly diverse in the urban zone, with few species from the Afrotropics. In contrast to native and endemic trees, introduced trees were clearly associated with urban and rural expansion, as they were much more abundant and species‐rich in these zones than in the natural zone, facilitating biotic homogenisation. These findings highlight how urban and rural environments are affecting the native tree flora of São Tomé, and the need for conservation measures geared towards globally threatened and endemic tree species. Importantly, these require the protection of natural forests, despite the rising land demands for settlements and agriculture. Ultimately, such action to conserve endemic trees will contribute to global efforts to prevent further biodiversity declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/ece3.70153
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Urban ecology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Island ecology
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      – SubjectFull: Forest protection
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      – SubjectFull: Urban trees
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              Text: Sep2024
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