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Re‐evaluation of oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949) as food additives.

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Title: Re‐evaluation of oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949) as food additives.
Authors: Castle, Laurence (AUTHOR), Andreassen, Monica (AUTHOR), Aquilina, Gabriele (AUTHOR), Bastos, Maria Lourdes (AUTHOR), Boon, Polly (AUTHOR), Fallico, Biagio (AUTHOR), FitzGerald, Reginald (AUTHOR), Frutos Fernandez, Maria Jose (AUTHOR), Grasl‐Kraupp, Bettina (AUTHOR), Gundert‐Remy, Ursula (AUTHOR), Gürtler, Rainer (AUTHOR), Houdeau, Eric (AUTHOR), Kurek, Marcin (AUTHOR), Louro, Henriqueta (AUTHOR), Morales, Patricia (AUTHOR), Passamonti, Sabina (AUTHOR), Rasinger, Josef Daniel (AUTHOR), Smeraldi, Camilla (AUTHOR), Di Ciano, Samuele (AUTHOR), Dino, Borana (AUTHOR)
Source: EFSA Journal. Aug2025, Vol. 23 Issue 8, p1-13. 13p.
Subject Terms: *Oxygen, *Food additives, *Toxicology, Safety
Company/Entity: European Union , European Food Safety Authority
Abstract: The Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949) as food additives. Their currently permitted use in food in the European Union (EU) is in all food categories, including in foods for infants and young children at quantum satis (QS). They can also be used in food additive preparations, food enzymes and nutrients also at QS. No interested business operators (IBOs) provided information in response to the call for data published by EFSA to support their re‐evaluation. The original evaluation by the EU in 1990 indicated their use as packaging gases, and in the case of oxygen (E 948), also as propellant. The Panel considered the two gases to be of low toxicological concern when used as food additives and their dietary exposure very low. The Panel concluded that the use of oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949) as food additives does not raise a safety concern. The Panel made some recommendations for amending existing EU specifications for both oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of EFSA Journal is the property of European Food Safety Authority and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Re‐evaluation of oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949) as food additives.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Castle%2C+Laurence%22">Castle, Laurence</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andreassen%2C+Monica%22">Andreassen, Monica</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aquilina%2C+Gabriele%22">Aquilina, Gabriele</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bastos%2C+Maria+Lourdes%22">Bastos, Maria Lourdes</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Boon%2C+Polly%22">Boon, Polly</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fallico%2C+Biagio%22">Fallico, Biagio</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22FitzGerald%2C+Reginald%22">FitzGerald, Reginald</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Frutos+Fernandez%2C+Maria+Jose%22">Frutos Fernandez, Maria Jose</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Grasl‐Kraupp%2C+Bettina%22">Grasl‐Kraupp, Bettina</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gundert‐Remy%2C+Ursula%22">Gundert‐Remy, Ursula</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gürtler%2C+Rainer%22">Gürtler, Rainer</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Houdeau%2C+Eric%22">Houdeau, Eric</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kurek%2C+Marcin%22">Kurek, Marcin</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Louro%2C+Henriqueta%22">Louro, Henriqueta</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Morales%2C+Patricia%22">Morales, Patricia</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Passamonti%2C+Sabina%22">Passamonti, Sabina</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rasinger%2C+Josef+Daniel%22">Rasinger, Josef Daniel</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smeraldi%2C+Camilla%22">Smeraldi, Camilla</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Di+Ciano%2C+Samuele%22">Di Ciano, Samuele</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dino%2C+Borana%22">Dino, Borana</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22EFSA+Journal%22">EFSA Journal</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 23 Issue 8, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oxygen%22">Oxygen</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Food+additives%22">Food additives</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Toxicology%22">Toxicology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Safety%22">Safety</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22European+Union%22">European Union</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22European+Food+Safety+Authority%22">European Food Safety Authority</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949) as food additives. Their currently permitted use in food in the European Union (EU) is in all food categories, including in foods for infants and young children at quantum satis (QS). They can also be used in food additive preparations, food enzymes and nutrients also at QS. No interested business operators (IBOs) provided information in response to the call for data published by EFSA to support their re‐evaluation. The original evaluation by the EU in 1990 indicated their use as packaging gases, and in the case of oxygen (E 948), also as propellant. The Panel considered the two gases to be of low toxicological concern when used as food additives and their dietary exposure very low. The Panel concluded that the use of oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949) as food additives does not raise a safety concern. The Panel made some recommendations for amending existing EU specifications for both oxygen (E 948) and hydrogen (E 949). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of EFSA Journal is the property of European Food Safety Authority and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9595
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
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      – SubjectFull: Oxygen
        Type: general
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