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Multi-scale fault and fracture networks of the UK's Mississippian carbonate platforms: implications for extracting geothermal energy.

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Title: Multi-scale fault and fracture networks of the UK's Mississippian carbonate platforms: implications for extracting geothermal energy.
Authors: Rizki Aditama, Maulana1,2 (AUTHOR) maulana.aditama@manchester.ac.uk, Hollis, Cathy1 (AUTHOR), Huuse, Mads1 (AUTHOR), Healy, David3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Geothermics. Feb2026, Vol. 135, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Geothermal resources, *Renewable energy sources, Permeability, Stress concentration, Structural geology, Fault zones
Geographic Terms: Wales, United Kingdom
Abstract: • Multi-scale fault and fracture analysis of Mississippian carbonate platforms. • Fracture connectivity increases with smaller-scale structural observations. • Fractures parallel to SHmax show high dilation tendency (Td > 0.8). • Stress field rotation promotes multi-phase fracture development and flow. • Findings improve geothermal reservoir characterization and drilling strate. Unlocking the low enthalpy geothermal potential of the UK through heat extraction from Mississippian carbonate platforms (MCP) could support the transition to net-zero carbon emissions by providing a sustainable heat source. However, MCPs remain underexplored compared to analogous formations in Belgium and the Netherlands, largely due to limited understanding of fracture-controlled fluid flow in these low-porosity carbonate systems. This study evaluates the structural and hydraulic characteristics of MCPs through a multi-scale fault and fracture connectivity analysis across regional, local, and outcrop scales in North Wales, adjacent to the Menai Straits Fault System. Using regional fault map and seismic reflection data, drone photogrammetry, outcrop description, and bed scale fracture mapping, we assess fracture geometry, intensity, orientation, and connectivity. Fracture stability was evaluated through slip tendency (Ts) and dilation tendency (Td) analyses under varying stress scenarios, and permeability tensors were derived to characterize flow orientation. Results demonstrate a strong scale-dependency in fracture connectivity. Connectivity coefficients (CL) increase from 0.64 at regional scale to 3.03 at bed scale, while CB (Connection per branch) values rise from 0.71 to 1.58, indicating that smaller-scale datasets capture more complex and transmissive networks. Reactivation analysis shows that fractures subparallel to present-day stress, SHmax (170°) exhibit high dilation tendencies (Td > 0.8), favouring open fluid pathways. Cross-cutting relationships provide field evidence for stress rotation, with implications for multi-phase fracture development and enhanced connectivity near the Menai Straits Fault System. These findings suggest that stress field evolution and structural inheritance significantly influence fracture permeability architecture. The integration of outcrop and subsurface data improves characterization of sub-seismic fracture networks, offering valuable guidance for geothermal drilling strategies and reservoir development in underutilized carbonate platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Geothermics is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Multi-scale fault and fracture networks of the UK's Mississippian carbonate platforms: implications for extracting geothermal energy.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rizki+Aditama%2C+Maulana%22">Rizki Aditama, Maulana</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> maulana.aditama@manchester.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hollis%2C+Cathy%22">Hollis, Cathy</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huuse%2C+Mads%22">Huuse, Mads</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Healy%2C+David%22">Healy, David</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geothermal+resources%22">Geothermal resources</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Renewable+energy+sources%22">Renewable energy sources</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Permeability%22">Permeability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stress+concentration%22">Stress concentration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Structural+geology%22">Structural geology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fault+zones%22">Fault zones</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wales%22">Wales</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+Kingdom%22">United Kingdom</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: • Multi-scale fault and fracture analysis of Mississippian carbonate platforms. • Fracture connectivity increases with smaller-scale structural observations. • Fractures parallel to SHmax show high dilation tendency (Td > 0.8). • Stress field rotation promotes multi-phase fracture development and flow. • Findings improve geothermal reservoir characterization and drilling strate. Unlocking the low enthalpy geothermal potential of the UK through heat extraction from Mississippian carbonate platforms (MCP) could support the transition to net-zero carbon emissions by providing a sustainable heat source. However, MCPs remain underexplored compared to analogous formations in Belgium and the Netherlands, largely due to limited understanding of fracture-controlled fluid flow in these low-porosity carbonate systems. This study evaluates the structural and hydraulic characteristics of MCPs through a multi-scale fault and fracture connectivity analysis across regional, local, and outcrop scales in North Wales, adjacent to the Menai Straits Fault System. Using regional fault map and seismic reflection data, drone photogrammetry, outcrop description, and bed scale fracture mapping, we assess fracture geometry, intensity, orientation, and connectivity. Fracture stability was evaluated through slip tendency (Ts) and dilation tendency (Td) analyses under varying stress scenarios, and permeability tensors were derived to characterize flow orientation. Results demonstrate a strong scale-dependency in fracture connectivity. Connectivity coefficients (CL) increase from 0.64 at regional scale to 3.03 at bed scale, while CB (Connection per branch) values rise from 0.71 to 1.58, indicating that smaller-scale datasets capture more complex and transmissive networks. Reactivation analysis shows that fractures subparallel to present-day stress, SHmax (170°) exhibit high dilation tendencies (Td > 0.8), favouring open fluid pathways. Cross-cutting relationships provide field evidence for stress rotation, with implications for multi-phase fracture development and enhanced connectivity near the Menai Straits Fault System. These findings suggest that stress field evolution and structural inheritance significantly influence fracture permeability architecture. The integration of outcrop and subsurface data improves characterization of sub-seismic fracture networks, offering valuable guidance for geothermal drilling strategies and reservoir development in underutilized carbonate platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Geothermics is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103513
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Geothermal resources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Renewable energy sources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Permeability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stress concentration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Structural geology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fault zones
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wales
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: United Kingdom
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Multi-scale fault and fracture networks of the UK's Mississippian carbonate platforms: implications for extracting geothermal energy.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Rizki Aditama, Maulana
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            NameFull: Hollis, Cathy
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            NameFull: Huuse, Mads
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            NameFull: Healy, David
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 135
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            – TitleFull: Geothermics
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