View in EDS

Optimal demand charge reduction for commercial buildings through a combination of efficiency and flexibility measures.

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Optimal demand charge reduction for commercial buildings through a combination of efficiency and flexibility measures.
Authors: Zhang, Yuna1 Y.Zhang@baumann-us.com, Augenbroe, Godfried2
Source: Applied Energy. Jul2018, Vol. 221, p180-194. 15p.
Subjects: Electric power in dwellings, Home energy use, Residential energy conservation, Stochastic processes, Voltage control, Thermostat
Abstract: A substantial part of electricity bills in commercial buildings can consist of demand charges. Lowering the peak power and/or reducing the hours that a power threshold is exceeded can drastically reduce demand charges. The ability to do so by dynamic, operational adjustments reflects the “energy flexibility” of the building. This paper targets the optimal combination of design and operational measures in a retrofit or new design project that delivers the most effective way of reducing demand charges by increasing energy flexibility and efficiency of commercial buildings. This goal is achieved through an analysis of all feasible energy consumption and peak reduction measures in different building types and in different use contexts. A search algorithm that compares all possible interventions will deliver the optimum. This leads to a stochastic optimization approach with recognition of the effects of all possible sources of uncertainty. This paper evaluates the measures that are commonly adopted to decrease energy consumption and increase energy flexibility, including (1) upgrading building components and installing energy efficient equipment; (2) applying dynamic building load control strategies; (3) installing a rooftop photovoltaic panel array. Operational interventions include the manipulation of thermostat settings and the voltage reduction of lighting and appliances (in some cases including HVAC components) in the building, which may cause some level of thermal and visual discomfort during certain periods. In order to support retrofit and design improvement decisions, an approach is developed to find the optimal mix of measures that maximize the net present value of the investment in all measures over twenty years for the owner. This paper analyzes the optimal solutions for three commercial building types, office, hospital, and retail. The paper suggests a modeling and optimization framework that can be used by building designers and operators to make optimal investment decisions to reduce demand charges. The paper shows a novel support of the decision making by building operators when faced with the opportunity to reduce demand charges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied Energy is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 129121606
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Optimal demand charge reduction for commercial buildings through a combination of efficiency and flexibility measures.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Yuna%22">Zhang, Yuna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> Y.Zhang@baumann-us.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Augenbroe%2C+Godfried%22">Augenbroe, Godfried</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Applied+Energy%22">Applied Energy</searchLink>. Jul2018, Vol. 221, p180-194. 15p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+power+in+dwellings%22">Electric power in dwellings</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Home+energy+use%22">Home energy use</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Residential+energy+conservation%22">Residential energy conservation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stochastic+processes%22">Stochastic processes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Voltage+control%22">Voltage control</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermostat%22">Thermostat</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: A substantial part of electricity bills in commercial buildings can consist of demand charges. Lowering the peak power and/or reducing the hours that a power threshold is exceeded can drastically reduce demand charges. The ability to do so by dynamic, operational adjustments reflects the “energy flexibility” of the building. This paper targets the optimal combination of design and operational measures in a retrofit or new design project that delivers the most effective way of reducing demand charges by increasing energy flexibility and efficiency of commercial buildings. This goal is achieved through an analysis of all feasible energy consumption and peak reduction measures in different building types and in different use contexts. A search algorithm that compares all possible interventions will deliver the optimum. This leads to a stochastic optimization approach with recognition of the effects of all possible sources of uncertainty. This paper evaluates the measures that are commonly adopted to decrease energy consumption and increase energy flexibility, including (1) upgrading building components and installing energy efficient equipment; (2) applying dynamic building load control strategies; (3) installing a rooftop photovoltaic panel array. Operational interventions include the manipulation of thermostat settings and the voltage reduction of lighting and appliances (in some cases including HVAC components) in the building, which may cause some level of thermal and visual discomfort during certain periods. In order to support retrofit and design improvement decisions, an approach is developed to find the optimal mix of measures that maximize the net present value of the investment in all measures over twenty years for the owner. This paper analyzes the optimal solutions for three commercial building types, office, hospital, and retail. The paper suggests a modeling and optimization framework that can be used by building designers and operators to make optimal investment decisions to reduce demand charges. The paper shows a novel support of the decision making by building operators when faced with the opportunity to reduce demand charges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Applied Energy is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=129121606
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.150
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 180
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Electric power in dwellings
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Home energy use
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Residential energy conservation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stochastic processes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Voltage control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermostat
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Optimal demand charge reduction for commercial buildings through a combination of efficiency and flexibility measures.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhang, Yuna
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Augenbroe, Godfried
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2018
              Type: published
              Y: 2018
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 03062619
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 221
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Applied Energy
              Type: main
ResultId 1