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Mineralogy and mineral paragenesis of the Palaeoproterozoic manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit of the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa.

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Title: Mineralogy and mineral paragenesis of the Palaeoproterozoic manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit of the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa.
Authors: Coetzee, L. L.1,2 louis.coetzee@teck.com, Gutzmer, J.3 j.gutzmer@hzdr.de, Smith, A. J. B.1,2 bertuss@uj.ac.za, Beukes, N. J.1,2
Source: South African Journal of Geology. Mar2024, Vol. 127 Issue 1, p31-54. 24p.
Subjects: Manganese ores, Mineralogy, Ore deposits, Minerals, Paragenesis, Drill cores
Geographic Terms: South Africa, Northern Cape (South Africa)
Abstract: This study provides for the first time details of the mineralogy, petrography and mineral paragenetic relationships of manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit, a prominent northern outlier of the Kalahari Manganese Field in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Using a combination of light and electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry on an extensive suite of exploration drill core samples, it is shown that the manganese ores comprise an exceptionally fine-grained assemblage of Mn2+-silicates (friedelite, tephroite, gageite), Mn2+/Mn3+-oxides (jacobsite, hausmannite) and Mn2+-carbonates (rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, Mn-dolomite and Mn-calcite). This mineral assemblage is a product of diagenesis and very low-grade regional metamorphism. Locally, this assemblage is overprinted by contact metamorphism or supergene alteration. Despite close geochemical and textural similarities, the manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit are surprisingly different in their mineralogy compared to the carbonate- and braunite-dominated mangano-lutites of the main Kalahari deposit. Distinctly higher concentrations of both SiO2 and Fe2O3 in the manganolutites of the Avontuur deposit as compared to the main Kalahari Deposit provide the reason for the markedly different mineralogy. Such marked differences in bulk chemistry are tentatively attributed to systematic lateral variations in the physicochemical conditions of mineral precipitation during the deposition of the Hotazel Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of South African Journal of Geology is the property of Geological Society of South Africa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Mineralogy and mineral paragenesis of the Palaeoproterozoic manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit of the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Coetzee%2C+L%2E+L%2E%22">Coetzee, L. L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> louis.coetzee@teck.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gutzmer%2C+J%2E%22">Gutzmer, J.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><i> j.gutzmer@hzdr.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smith%2C+A%2E+J%2E+B%2E%22">Smith, A. J. B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> bertuss@uj.ac.za</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Beukes%2C+N%2E+J%2E%22">Beukes, N. J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22South+African+Journal+of+Geology%22">South African Journal of Geology</searchLink>. Mar2024, Vol. 127 Issue 1, p31-54. 24p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Manganese+ores%22">Manganese ores</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mineralogy%22">Mineralogy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ore+deposits%22">Ore deposits</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Minerals%22">Minerals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Paragenesis%22">Paragenesis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drill+cores%22">Drill cores</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22South+Africa%22">South Africa</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Northern+Cape+%28South+Africa%29%22">Northern Cape (South Africa)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study provides for the first time details of the mineralogy, petrography and mineral paragenetic relationships of manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit, a prominent northern outlier of the Kalahari Manganese Field in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Using a combination of light and electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry on an extensive suite of exploration drill core samples, it is shown that the manganese ores comprise an exceptionally fine-grained assemblage of Mn2+-silicates (friedelite, tephroite, gageite), Mn2+/Mn3+-oxides (jacobsite, hausmannite) and Mn2+-carbonates (rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, Mn-dolomite and Mn-calcite). This mineral assemblage is a product of diagenesis and very low-grade regional metamorphism. Locally, this assemblage is overprinted by contact metamorphism or supergene alteration. Despite close geochemical and textural similarities, the manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit are surprisingly different in their mineralogy compared to the carbonate- and braunite-dominated mangano-lutites of the main Kalahari deposit. Distinctly higher concentrations of both SiO2 and Fe2O3 in the manganolutites of the Avontuur deposit as compared to the main Kalahari Deposit provide the reason for the markedly different mineralogy. Such marked differences in bulk chemistry are tentatively attributed to systematic lateral variations in the physicochemical conditions of mineral precipitation during the deposition of the Hotazel Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of South African Journal of Geology is the property of Geological Society of South Africa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.25131/sajg.127.0016
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 31
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      – SubjectFull: Manganese ores
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mineralogy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ore deposits
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Minerals
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      – SubjectFull: Paragenesis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drill cores
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: South Africa
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Northern Cape (South Africa)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Mineralogy and mineral paragenesis of the Palaeoproterozoic manganese ores of the Avontuur deposit of the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa.
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              Text: Mar2024
              Type: published
              Y: 2024
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