From scrap to product: the effect of recycled tungsten carbide and alumina content on the mechanical properties of oxide-carbide duplex ceramic composite.
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| Title: | From scrap to product: the effect of recycled tungsten carbide and alumina content on the mechanical properties of oxide-carbide duplex ceramic composite. |
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| Alternate Title: | Jäätmetest tooteni: volframkarbiidi taaskasutamise ja alumiiniumoksiidi sisalduse mõju oksiid-karbiidi duplekskeraamilise komposiidi mehaanilistele omadustele. |
| Authors: | Kariminejad, Arash1 arash.kariminejad@taltech.ee, Klimczyk, Piotr1,2, Antonov, Maksim1, Hussainova, Irina1 |
| Source: | Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 2025, Vol. 74 Issue 2, p192-197. 6p. |
| Subjects: | Mechanical properties of metals, Britannia metal, Scanning electron microscopes, Scrap metals, Metallic composites |
| Abstract (English): | With the depletion of critical raw materials (CRMs), such as tungsten (W) and cobalt (Co), the sustainable recycling of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) hard metal scraps has become essential. This study explores a sustainable recycling method for WC-Co scraps to produce duplex ceramic composites intended for dry machining. WC-Co scrap (6% Co) was mech anically crushed, sieved to under 1 mm, leached by H2SO4, and then ball-milled to obtain fine WC powder with a particle size of ~1 µm. To study the effect of using recycled powder and to trace the effect of alumina content, two compositions were synthesized via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at constant pressure and holding time at temperatures ranging from 1500 °C to 1600 °C. Composites containing 46% alumina and 12% ZrO2 were combined with either recycled or commercial WC (42% by volume), and a third composite with high-alumina content (72% Al2O3, 2% ZrO2, and 26% WC) was also prepared. Microstructural analysis via a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) showed minimal impurity in the recycled powder and material integrity. Density measurements using the Archimedes method, along with mechanical testing, were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. Composites produced from recycled WC exhibit mechanical properties comparable to those of commercial composites, with minimal degradation. This recycling approach offers a safe, environmentally friendly and sustainable solution, minimizing health risks (compared to other recycling methods), while effectively preserving critical materials for high-performance, wear-resistant applications in machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Abstract (Estonian): | Tänu kriitiliste toorainete, nagu volfram (W) ja koobalt (Co), ammendumisele on volframkarbiid-koobalti (WCCo) kõvasulamjäätmete jätkusuutlik taaskasutamine muutunud hädavajalikuks. Uuring käsitleb WC-Co jäätmete taaskasutamise jätkusuutlikku meetodit kuivlõiketöötluseks mõeldud duplekskeraamiliste komposiitide tootmiseks. WC-Co jäätmed purustati mehaaniliselt, sõeluti osakesteks, mille suurus oli väiksem kui 1 mm, leotati H2SO4 abil ja jahvatati kuulveskiga peenosakesteks (~1 µm). Pulbri taaskasutamise ja alumiiniumoksiidi sisalduse (WC asendamise) mõju uurimiseks paagutati kaks kompositsiooni, kasutades säde-plasma paagutamist temperatuuridel 1500-1600 °C. Esimeses kompositsioonis oli mõõdukas alumiiniumoksiidi ja ZrO2 sisaldus koos taaskasutatud või kommertsliku (äsja sünteesitud; kasutamata) WC-ga; teises oli suurem Al2O3 sisaldus ja vastavalt madalam WC sisaldus. Mikrostruktuuri analüüs elektronmikroskoopia (SEM) ja energiadispersiivse röntgenspektroskoopia (EDS) abil näitas minimaalseid lisandeid taaskasutatud pulbris ning materjali terviklikkust (väike defektide sisaldus). Tihedust mõõdeti Archimedese meetodil; samuti hinnati mehaanilisi omadusi (kõvadus, Youngi moodul ja tugevus). Tulemused näitasid, et taaskasutatud pulbri komposiitide mehaanilised omadused on võrreldavad äsja sünteesitud pulbritest toodetud komposiitide omadega, minimaalsete halvenemistega. Kirjeldatud taaskasutusmeetod pakub ohutut, keskkonnasõbralikku ja jätkusuutlikku lahendust, vähendades terviseriske ning säilitades kriitilisi materjale kõrgetasemeliste kulumiskindlate masintöötlusrakenduste jaoks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: From scrap to product: the effect of recycled tungsten carbide and alumina content on the mechanical properties of oxide-carbide duplex ceramic composite. – Name: TitleAlt Label: Alternate Title Group: TiAlt Data: Jäätmetest tooteni: volframkarbiidi taaskasutamise ja alumiiniumoksiidi sisalduse mõju oksiid-karbiidi duplekskeraamilise komposiidi mehaanilistele omadustele. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kariminejad%2C+Arash%22">Kariminejad, Arash</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> arash.kariminejad@taltech.ee</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Klimczyk%2C+Piotr%22">Klimczyk, Piotr</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Antonov%2C+Maksim%22">Antonov, Maksim</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hussainova%2C+Irina%22">Hussainova, Irina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Proceedings+of+the+Estonian+Academy+of+Sciences%22">Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences</searchLink>. 2025, Vol. 74 Issue 2, p192-197. 6p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+properties+of+metals%22">Mechanical properties of metals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Britannia+metal%22">Britannia metal</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scanning+electron+microscopes%22">Scanning electron microscopes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scrap+metals%22">Scrap metals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metallic+composites%22">Metallic composites</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract (English) Group: Ab Data: With the depletion of critical raw materials (CRMs), such as tungsten (W) and cobalt (Co), the sustainable recycling of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) hard metal scraps has become essential. This study explores a sustainable recycling method for WC-Co scraps to produce duplex ceramic composites intended for dry machining. WC-Co scrap (6% Co) was mech anically crushed, sieved to under 1 mm, leached by H2SO4, and then ball-milled to obtain fine WC powder with a particle size of ~1 µm. To study the effect of using recycled powder and to trace the effect of alumina content, two compositions were synthesized via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at constant pressure and holding time at temperatures ranging from 1500 °C to 1600 °C. Composites containing 46% alumina and 12% ZrO2 were combined with either recycled or commercial WC (42% by volume), and a third composite with high-alumina content (72% Al2O3, 2% ZrO2, and 26% WC) was also prepared. Microstructural analysis via a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) showed minimal impurity in the recycled powder and material integrity. Density measurements using the Archimedes method, along with mechanical testing, were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. Composites produced from recycled WC exhibit mechanical properties comparable to those of commercial composites, with minimal degradation. This recycling approach offers a safe, environmentally friendly and sustainable solution, minimizing health risks (compared to other recycling methods), while effectively preserving critical materials for high-performance, wear-resistant applications in machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract (Estonian) Group: Ab Data: Tänu kriitiliste toorainete, nagu volfram (W) ja koobalt (Co), ammendumisele on volframkarbiid-koobalti (WCCo) kõvasulamjäätmete jätkusuutlik taaskasutamine muutunud hädavajalikuks. Uuring käsitleb WC-Co jäätmete taaskasutamise jätkusuutlikku meetodit kuivlõiketöötluseks mõeldud duplekskeraamiliste komposiitide tootmiseks. WC-Co jäätmed purustati mehaaniliselt, sõeluti osakesteks, mille suurus oli väiksem kui 1 mm, leotati H2SO4 abil ja jahvatati kuulveskiga peenosakesteks (~1 µm). Pulbri taaskasutamise ja alumiiniumoksiidi sisalduse (WC asendamise) mõju uurimiseks paagutati kaks kompositsiooni, kasutades säde-plasma paagutamist temperatuuridel 1500-1600 °C. Esimeses kompositsioonis oli mõõdukas alumiiniumoksiidi ja ZrO2 sisaldus koos taaskasutatud või kommertsliku (äsja sünteesitud; kasutamata) WC-ga; teises oli suurem Al2O3 sisaldus ja vastavalt madalam WC sisaldus. Mikrostruktuuri analüüs elektronmikroskoopia (SEM) ja energiadispersiivse röntgenspektroskoopia (EDS) abil näitas minimaalseid lisandeid taaskasutatud pulbris ning materjali terviklikkust (väike defektide sisaldus). Tihedust mõõdeti Archimedese meetodil; samuti hinnati mehaanilisi omadusi (kõvadus, Youngi moodul ja tugevus). Tulemused näitasid, et taaskasutatud pulbri komposiitide mehaanilised omadused on võrreldavad äsja sünteesitud pulbritest toodetud komposiitide omadega, minimaalsete halvenemistega. Kirjeldatud taaskasutusmeetod pakub ohutut, keskkonnasõbralikku ja jätkusuutlikku lahendust, vähendades terviseriske ning säilitades kriitilisi materjale kõrgetasemeliste kulumiskindlate masintöötlusrakenduste jaoks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3176/proc.2025.2.20 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 6 StartPage: 192 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Mechanical properties of metals Type: general – SubjectFull: Britannia metal Type: general – SubjectFull: Scanning electron microscopes Type: general – SubjectFull: Scrap metals Type: general – SubjectFull: Metallic composites Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: From scrap to product: the effect of recycled tungsten carbide and alumina content on the mechanical properties of oxide-carbide duplex ceramic composite. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kariminejad, Arash – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Klimczyk, Piotr – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Antonov, Maksim – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Hussainova, Irina IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 04 Text: 2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 17366046 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 74 – Type: issue Value: 2 Titles: – TitleFull: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Type: main |
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