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A Study of Methylene Blue Adsorption by a Synergistic Adsorbent Algae (Nostoc sphaericum)/Activated Clay.

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Title: A Study of Methylene Blue Adsorption by a Synergistic Adsorbent Algae (Nostoc sphaericum)/Activated Clay.
Authors: Carhuarupay-Molleda, Yakov Felipe1 (AUTHOR), Ccasa Barboza, Noemí Melisa2 (AUTHOR), Pastor-Mina, Sofía2,3 (AUTHOR), Dueñas Valcarcel, Carlos Eduardo2,4 (AUTHOR), Palomino-Malpartida, Ybar G.3,5 (AUTHOR), Licapa Redolfo, Rolando3,6 (AUTHOR), Mojo-Quisani, Antonieta1,4 (AUTHOR), Calla-Florez, Miriam2,4 (AUTHOR), Aguilar-Salazar, Rolando F.1,3 (AUTHOR), Flores-Ccorisapra, Yovana4,5 (AUTHOR), Rojas Benites, Arturo1,5 (AUTHOR), Arostegui León, Edward2,6 (AUTHOR), Choque-Quispe, David6 (AUTHOR), Fuentes Bernedo, Frida E.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Aug2025, Vol. 17 Issue 15, p2134. 24p.
Subjects: Wastewater treatment, Physisorption, Microalgae, Basic dyes, Sustainability, Clay, Sorbents
Abstract: Dye residues from the textile industry constitute a critical wastewater problem. This study aimed to evaluate the removal capacity of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous media, using an adsorbent formulated from activated and sonicated nanoclay (NC) and microatomized Nostoc sphaericum (ANS). NC was obtained by acid treatment, followed by activation with 1 M NaCl and sonication, while ANS was obtained by microatomization in an aqueous medium. NC/ANS was mixed in a 4:1 weight ratio. The NC/ANS synergistic adsorbent was characterized by the point of zero charge (PZC), zeta potential (ζ), particle size, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). NC/ANS exhibited good colloidal stability, as determined by pHPZC, particle size in the nanometer range, and heterogeneous morphology with functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amide), removing between 72.59 and 97.98% from an initial concentration of 10 ppm of MB, for doses of 20 to 30 mg/L of NC/ANS and pH of 5 to 8. Optimal adsorption conditions are achieved at pH 6.8 and 32.9 mg/L of adsorbent NC/ANS. It was observed that the pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models best described the adsorption kinetics, indicating a predominance of the physisorption process, with adsorption capacity around 20 mg/g. Isotherm models and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, ΔS, ΔH, and ΔG, revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous, favorable, thermodynamically stable, and occurs at the monolayer level, with a regeneration capacity of 90.35 to 37.54% at the fifth cycle. The application of physical activation methods, such as sonication of the clay and microatomization of the algae, allows proposing a novel and alternative synergistic material from organic and inorganic sources that is environmentally friendly and promotes sustainability, with a high capacity to remove cationic dyes in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A Study of Methylene Blue Adsorption by a Synergistic Adsorbent Algae (Nostoc sphaericum)/Activated Clay.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 17 Issue 15, p2134. 24p.
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Dye residues from the textile industry constitute a critical wastewater problem. This study aimed to evaluate the removal capacity of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous media, using an adsorbent formulated from activated and sonicated nanoclay (NC) and microatomized Nostoc sphaericum (ANS). NC was obtained by acid treatment, followed by activation with 1 M NaCl and sonication, while ANS was obtained by microatomization in an aqueous medium. NC/ANS was mixed in a 4:1 weight ratio. The NC/ANS synergistic adsorbent was characterized by the point of zero charge (PZC), zeta potential (ζ), particle size, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). NC/ANS exhibited good colloidal stability, as determined by pHPZC, particle size in the nanometer range, and heterogeneous morphology with functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amide), removing between 72.59 and 97.98% from an initial concentration of 10 ppm of MB, for doses of 20 to 30 mg/L of NC/ANS and pH of 5 to 8. Optimal adsorption conditions are achieved at pH 6.8 and 32.9 mg/L of adsorbent NC/ANS. It was observed that the pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models best described the adsorption kinetics, indicating a predominance of the physisorption process, with adsorption capacity around 20 mg/g. Isotherm models and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, ΔS, ΔH, and ΔG, revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous, favorable, thermodynamically stable, and occurs at the monolayer level, with a regeneration capacity of 90.35 to 37.54% at the fifth cycle. The application of physical activation methods, such as sonication of the clay and microatomization of the algae, allows proposing a novel and alternative synergistic material from organic and inorganic sources that is environmentally friendly and promotes sustainability, with a high capacity to remove cationic dyes in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym17152134
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 2134
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physisorption
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      – SubjectFull: Microalgae
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      – SubjectFull: Basic dyes
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      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Clay
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sorbents
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: A Study of Methylene Blue Adsorption by a Synergistic Adsorbent Algae (Nostoc sphaericum)/Activated Clay.
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              Text: Aug2025
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