On-field Head Acceleration Exposure Measurement Using Instrumented Mouthguards: Missing Data Imputation for Complete Exposure Analysis.
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| Title: | On-field Head Acceleration Exposure Measurement Using Instrumented Mouthguards: Missing Data Imputation for Complete Exposure Analysis. |
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| Authors: | Luke, David1,2 (AUTHOR), Masood, Zaryan1 (AUTHOR), Bondi, Daniel2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Chaokai3 (AUTHOR), Kenny, Rebecca1 (AUTHOR), Clansey, Adam1 (AUTHOR), van Donkelaar, Paul4 (AUTHOR), Rauscher, Alexander5,6 (AUTHOR), Ji, Songbai3 (AUTHOR), Wu, Lyndia1,2 (AUTHOR) lwu@mech.ubc.ca |
| Source: | Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Sep2025, Vol. 53 Issue 9, p2282-2298. 17p. |
| Subjects: | Brain injuries, Contact sports, Image analysis, Athletic ability, Multiple imputation (Statistics), Head injuries, Mouth protectors |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Accurate quantification of head acceleration event (HAE) exposure is critical for investigating brain injury risk in contact sports athletes. However, missing HAEs may be unavoidable in real-world data collection. This study introduces missing data imputation methods to estimate complete video- and sensor-based HAE exposure. Methods: We captured and verified university men's ice hockey HAEs using video and instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) in one varsity season (nathletes = 27, ngames = 31). A statistical mapping technique was first introduced to impute missing video-based HAEs during away games with limited camera angles. We then applied multiple imputation to impute missing iMG-based HAEs using captured data, including the complete video-based HAE exposure. This enabled estimation of complete exposure data at a per-athlete level over all games of the season. Results: Among 591 athlete-games, 45% did not have any recorded iMG data. We find that data imputation increased the median values of per-athlete-season video- and iMG-based HAE counts by 10% and 69%, respectively. Consequently, common head kinematics- and brain deformation-based cumulative exposure metrics also increased substantially (median per-athlete-season cumulative peak linear acceleration by 95%, peak angular acceleration by 109%, and corpus callosum strain by 69%). Conclusion: This study highlights the potential underestimation of exposure metrics due to missing HAEs and fills a critical gap in sports HAE exposure research. Future studies should incorporate missing data imputation methods for more accurate estimation of HAE exposure in investigating acute and long-term brain trauma risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Abstract: | Purpose: Accurate quantification of head acceleration event (HAE) exposure is critical for investigating brain injury risk in contact sports athletes. However, missing HAEs may be unavoidable in real-world data collection. This study introduces missing data imputation methods to estimate complete video- and sensor-based HAE exposure. Methods: We captured and verified university men's ice hockey HAEs using video and instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) in one varsity season (nathletes = 27, ngames = 31). A statistical mapping technique was first introduced to impute missing video-based HAEs during away games with limited camera angles. We then applied multiple imputation to impute missing iMG-based HAEs using captured data, including the complete video-based HAE exposure. This enabled estimation of complete exposure data at a per-athlete level over all games of the season. Results: Among 591 athlete-games, 45% did not have any recorded iMG data. We find that data imputation increased the median values of per-athlete-season video- and iMG-based HAE counts by 10% and 69%, respectively. Consequently, common head kinematics- and brain deformation-based cumulative exposure metrics also increased substantially (median per-athlete-season cumulative peak linear acceleration by 95%, peak angular acceleration by 109%, and corpus callosum strain by 69%). Conclusion: This study highlights the potential underestimation of exposure metrics due to missing HAEs and fills a critical gap in sports HAE exposure research. Future studies should incorporate missing data imputation methods for more accurate estimation of HAE exposure in investigating acute and long-term brain trauma risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 00906964 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s10439-025-03747-6 |
