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Energy partitioning mechanism and evapotranspiration modeling of maize fields in three different climate regions in China.

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Title: Energy partitioning mechanism and evapotranspiration modeling of maize fields in three different climate regions in China.
Authors: Zhou, Yudong1 (AUTHOR), Yan, Haofang1,2 (AUTHOR) yanhaofangyhf@163.com, Zhang, Jianyun2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Guoqing2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Chuan3 (AUTHOR), Zheng, Hexiang4 (AUTHOR), Wu, Jiabin4 (AUTHOR), Tian, Delong4 (AUTHOR), Yu, Zhenliang5 (AUTHOR), Wang, Biyu1 (AUTHOR), Bao, Rongxuan1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Hydrology. Dec2025:Part A, Vol. 662, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Water management, Standard deviations, Water efficiency, Path analysis (Statistics), Water supply
Abstract: • Energy partition of maize in different climate regions (NE-H, NW-I, SE-J) were analysed, λET was the main consumer of R n for three regions, and energy partitioning were affected by climatic conditions. • The low Ω values indicated that the λET was mainly affected by G c and VPD ; furthermore, the energy partition was limited by water availability in NE-H and SE-J. • The parametrized P-T and Ω models were used to estimate λET in three regions. Understanding the energy partition of farmland is essential to optimize irrigation scheduling and improve crop water use efficiency. In this study, energy fluxes of maize fields in three different climate regions, Heilongjiang Province (NE-H), Inner Mongolia (NW-I), Jiangsu Province (SE-J), were measured by Bowen ratio energy balance systems (BREB) to analyze the energy partition in different growing stages. These results showed that the average ratio of latent heat flux to net radiation (λET / R n) were 60.36%, 72.41% and 61.01%, respectively during the whole growing seasons of maize in NE-H, NW-I and SE-J, indicating that the λET was the main consumer of R n for three regions, and the magnitude and dynamics of energy fluxes and partitioning were affected by climatic conditions. The bulk parameters: canopy conductance (G c), decoupling coefficient (Ω) and Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α) were used to analyze the influence factors on λET. The low Ω values (NE-H: 0.30; NW-I: 0.31; SE-J: 0.35) indicated that strong coupling between canopy and atmosphere, and the λET was mainly affected by G c and VPD. Furthermore, the average value of α during the maize growing season in NE-H and in SE-J were 0.78 and 0.92, respectively, indicating that the energy partition was limited by water availability in NE-H and SE-J. The path analysis results showed that R n was positively correlated with λET in the three regions; VPD was negatively correlated with λET in NE-H and NW-I, while VPD was positively correlated with λET in SE-J. The λET was estimated by the parametrized Priestley-Taylor (P-T) and Ω models, the Ω model performed better in NE-H, with mean root mean square error (RMSE) equaled 42.94 W m−2 (58.23 W m−2 for the P-T model), mean absolute error (MAE) equaled 36.72 W m−2 (47.73 W m−2 for the P-T model) and the determination coefficient (R 2) was 0.93 (0.94 for the P-T model). While the P-T model performed better than the Ω model in NW-I and SE-J, with RMSE equaled 28.82 and 30.85 W m−2, MAE equaled 25.75 and 23.94 W m−2 and R 2 equaled 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. The P-T and Ω models underestimated the λET to a certain extent in all three regions. The revealed energy partitioning mechanisms and determined λET could provide a theoretical basis for optimizing water resources management for the studied regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Hydrology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Energy partitioning mechanism and evapotranspiration modeling of maize fields in three different climate regions in China.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Yudong%22">Zhou, Yudong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yan%2C+Haofang%22">Yan, Haofang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yanhaofangyhf@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Jianyun%22">Zhang, Jianyun</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Guoqing%22">Wang, Guoqing</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Chuan%22">Zhang, Chuan</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zheng%2C+Hexiang%22">Zheng, Hexiang</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Jiabin%22">Wu, Jiabin</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tian%2C+Delong%22">Tian, Delong</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Zhenliang%22">Yu, Zhenliang</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Biyu%22">Wang, Biyu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bao%2C+Rongxuan%22">Bao, Rongxuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Hydrology%22">Journal of Hydrology</searchLink>. Dec2025:Part A, Vol. 662, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+management%22">Water management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Standard+deviations%22">Standard deviations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+efficiency%22">Water efficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Path+analysis+%28Statistics%29%22">Path analysis (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+supply%22">Water supply</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Energy partition of maize in different climate regions (NE-H, NW-I, SE-J) were analysed, λET was the main consumer of R n for three regions, and energy partitioning were affected by climatic conditions. • The low Ω values indicated that the λET was mainly affected by G c and VPD ; furthermore, the energy partition was limited by water availability in NE-H and SE-J. • The parametrized P-T and Ω models were used to estimate λET in three regions. Understanding the energy partition of farmland is essential to optimize irrigation scheduling and improve crop water use efficiency. In this study, energy fluxes of maize fields in three different climate regions, Heilongjiang Province (NE-H), Inner Mongolia (NW-I), Jiangsu Province (SE-J), were measured by Bowen ratio energy balance systems (BREB) to analyze the energy partition in different growing stages. These results showed that the average ratio of latent heat flux to net radiation (λET / R n) were 60.36%, 72.41% and 61.01%, respectively during the whole growing seasons of maize in NE-H, NW-I and SE-J, indicating that the λET was the main consumer of R n for three regions, and the magnitude and dynamics of energy fluxes and partitioning were affected by climatic conditions. The bulk parameters: canopy conductance (G c), decoupling coefficient (Ω) and Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α) were used to analyze the influence factors on λET. The low Ω values (NE-H: 0.30; NW-I: 0.31; SE-J: 0.35) indicated that strong coupling between canopy and atmosphere, and the λET was mainly affected by G c and VPD. Furthermore, the average value of α during the maize growing season in NE-H and in SE-J were 0.78 and 0.92, respectively, indicating that the energy partition was limited by water availability in NE-H and SE-J. The path analysis results showed that R n was positively correlated with λET in the three regions; VPD was negatively correlated with λET in NE-H and NW-I, while VPD was positively correlated with λET in SE-J. The λET was estimated by the parametrized Priestley-Taylor (P-T) and Ω models, the Ω model performed better in NE-H, with mean root mean square error (RMSE) equaled 42.94 W m−2 (58.23 W m−2 for the P-T model), mean absolute error (MAE) equaled 36.72 W m−2 (47.73 W m−2 for the P-T model) and the determination coefficient (R 2) was 0.93 (0.94 for the P-T model). While the P-T model performed better than the Ω model in NW-I and SE-J, with RMSE equaled 28.82 and 30.85 W m−2, MAE equaled 25.75 and 23.94 W m−2 and R 2 equaled 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. The P-T and Ω models underestimated the λET to a certain extent in all three regions. The revealed energy partitioning mechanisms and determined λET could provide a theoretical basis for optimizing water resources management for the studied regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Hydrology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133888
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Water management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Standard deviations
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      – SubjectFull: Water efficiency
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      – SubjectFull: Path analysis (Statistics)
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      – SubjectFull: Water supply
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      – TitleFull: Energy partitioning mechanism and evapotranspiration modeling of maize fields in three different climate regions in China.
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              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025:Part A
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