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Multiscale Ion-Electron Transport in 3D-Printed Hierarchically Porous Full Batteries.

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Title: Multiscale Ion-Electron Transport in 3D-Printed Hierarchically Porous Full Batteries.
Authors: Wang, Teng1 (AUTHOR), Feng, Lei2 (AUTHOR), Su, Bohua3 (AUTHOR), Tian, Xiaocong2,3,4 (AUTHOR) xctian@whut.edu.cn, Zhao, Yan1,4 (AUTHOR) yan2000@whu.edu.cn
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Nov2025, Vol. 15 Issue 21, p1680. 15p.
Subjects: Energy storage, Storage batteries, Electron transport, Lithium cobalt oxide, Graphene oxide, Three-dimensional printing
Abstract: The rapid advancement of next-generation energy storage technologies demands advanced manufacturing strategies that offer structural precision, scalability, and compositional tunability. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative approach to constructing energy storage architectures. In this work, we report a 3D-printed LiCoO2//Li4Ti5O12 full battery featuring a hierarchically porous and conductive reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes (rGO-CNTs) framework that enables desirable ion-electron transport. The resulting full cells exhibit a high capacity of 151.4 mAh g−1 at the rate of 0.1 C, superior rate performance, and outstanding cycling stability, maintaining 97.1% capacity after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, the fully printed cell successfully powers a digital stopwatch, demonstrating its practical applicability for devices. This study presents a structural and compositional study for constructing high-performance customizable 3D-printed batteries, advancing the digital manufacturing of next-generation energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Multiscale Ion-Electron Transport in 3D-Printed Hierarchically Porous Full Batteries.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 15 Issue 21, p1680. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+storage%22">Energy storage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Storage+batteries%22">Storage batteries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electron+transport%22">Electron transport</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithium+cobalt+oxide%22">Lithium cobalt oxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene+oxide%22">Graphene oxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink>
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  Data: The rapid advancement of next-generation energy storage technologies demands advanced manufacturing strategies that offer structural precision, scalability, and compositional tunability. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative approach to constructing energy storage architectures. In this work, we report a 3D-printed LiCoO2//Li4Ti5O12 full battery featuring a hierarchically porous and conductive reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes (rGO-CNTs) framework that enables desirable ion-electron transport. The resulting full cells exhibit a high capacity of 151.4 mAh g−1 at the rate of 0.1 C, superior rate performance, and outstanding cycling stability, maintaining 97.1% capacity after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, the fully printed cell successfully powers a digital stopwatch, demonstrating its practical applicability for devices. This study presents a structural and compositional study for constructing high-performance customizable 3D-printed batteries, advancing the digital manufacturing of next-generation energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/nano15211680
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electron transport
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      – SubjectFull: Lithium cobalt oxide
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      – SubjectFull: Graphene oxide
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      – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing
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      – TitleFull: Multiscale Ion-Electron Transport in 3D-Printed Hierarchically Porous Full Batteries.
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            NameFull: Wang, Teng
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            NameFull: Feng, Lei
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            NameFull: Su, Bohua
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            NameFull: Tian, Xiaocong
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            NameFull: Zhao, Yan
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              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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