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Projection-Based Coordinated Scheduling of Distribution–Microgrid Systems Considering Frequency Security Constraints.

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Title: Projection-Based Coordinated Scheduling of Distribution–Microgrid Systems Considering Frequency Security Constraints.
Authors: Song, Xingwang1 (AUTHOR), Guo, Lingxu2 (AUTHOR), Sun, Mingjun1,3 (AUTHOR), Tong, Xinyu1 (AUTHOR), Wei, Wei2,3 (AUTHOR) weiw@tju.edu.cn, Liu, Mengyu3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Nov2025, Vol. 18 Issue 21, p5707. 16p.
Subjects: Microgrids, Frequency stability, Technological innovations, Mathematical optimization, Scheduling
Abstract: With the rapid development of distribution–microgrid (DN–MG) systems, they have become increasingly important in the construction of modern power systems. However, existing scheduling approaches often overlook the frequency security risks faced by microgrids when transitioning into unintentional islanding during contingencies. To address this issue, this paper proposes a projection-based coordinated scheduling method for DN–MG systems under microgrid frequency security constraints. First, an approximate frequency response curve is derived to characterize the maximum frequency deviation of microgrids after unintentional islanding, which is explicitly embedded into the microgrid optimization model to ensure frequency security. Second, to achieve efficient coordination, a power–energy boundary-based feasible region approximation is proposed for microgrids, which accurately characterizes the projection feasible region under inter-temporal coupling while reducing conservativeness. This enables a non-iterative coordination framework. Finally, case studies on a modified IEEE 33-bus system containing three microgrids demonstrate that the proposed method effectively limits the maximum frequency deviation to within 0.5 Hz, while the projection-based feasible region achieves 87.62% coverage, which is twice that of conventional box approximations. Overall, the proposed method ensures microgrid frequency security while balancing computational efficiency and privacy protection, highlighting its strong potential for practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 189610966
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  Data: Projection-Based Coordinated Scheduling of Distribution–Microgrid Systems Considering Frequency Security Constraints.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 18 Issue 21, p5707. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microgrids%22">Microgrids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Frequency+stability%22">Frequency stability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Technological+innovations%22">Technological innovations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scheduling%22">Scheduling</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: With the rapid development of distribution–microgrid (DN–MG) systems, they have become increasingly important in the construction of modern power systems. However, existing scheduling approaches often overlook the frequency security risks faced by microgrids when transitioning into unintentional islanding during contingencies. To address this issue, this paper proposes a projection-based coordinated scheduling method for DN–MG systems under microgrid frequency security constraints. First, an approximate frequency response curve is derived to characterize the maximum frequency deviation of microgrids after unintentional islanding, which is explicitly embedded into the microgrid optimization model to ensure frequency security. Second, to achieve efficient coordination, a power–energy boundary-based feasible region approximation is proposed for microgrids, which accurately characterizes the projection feasible region under inter-temporal coupling while reducing conservativeness. This enables a non-iterative coordination framework. Finally, case studies on a modified IEEE 33-bus system containing three microgrids demonstrate that the proposed method effectively limits the maximum frequency deviation to within 0.5 Hz, while the projection-based feasible region achieves 87.62% coverage, which is twice that of conventional box approximations. Overall, the proposed method ensures microgrid frequency security while balancing computational efficiency and privacy protection, highlighting its strong potential for practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/en18215707
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 5707
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      – SubjectFull: Frequency stability
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      – SubjectFull: Technological innovations
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      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
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