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Seasonal and Interannual Variation in Martian Gravity Waves at Different Altitudes from the Mars Climate Sounder.

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Title: Seasonal and Interannual Variation in Martian Gravity Waves at Different Altitudes from the Mars Climate Sounder.
Authors: Li, Jing1,2,3,4 (AUTHOR) jingli@cma.gov.cn, Chen, Bo1,2,3,4 (AUTHOR), Li, Tao2,3,5 (AUTHOR), Wu, Zhaopeng4,6 (AUTHOR), Zong, Weiguo1,3,4,5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Jan2026, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p319. 25p.
Subjects: Gravity waves, Topography, Jet streams, Seasonal physiological variations, Dust storms, Atmospheric circulation
Geographic Terms: Northern Hemisphere
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? Based on observational data, this study reveals that gravity waves with vertical wavelengths ranging from 9 to 15 km exhibit complex global distributions at altitudes between 10 and 70 km. In addition, these distributions exhibit night–day variations, as well as seasonal and interannual variations. The global distribution and seasonal and interannual variations in gravity waves are associated with topography, polar jets, and large dust storms. What is the implication of the main finding? The interannual variations in gravity waves imply that, in addition to the known large dust storms, complex interannual variations may also exist in atmospheric activity over the polar jets and complex topography at mid-to-low latitudes on Mars. Gravity waves (GWs) are an important dynamic process in the planetary atmosphere. They are typically excited by convection, topography, or other sources from the lower atmosphere and propagate upwards. The GWs have a significant effect on the global atmospheric circulation on Mars. However, the lack of high-resolution data from previous observations has resulted in an insufficient understanding of GWs in the Martian atmosphere, particularly in terms of its global distribution and long-term evolution characteristics at different altitudes. Based on multiple years of Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) limb observations on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), we conducted a detailed study of the global distribution, seasonal and interannual variations in Martian atmospheric GWs with vertical wavelengths ranging from 9 to 15 km at three different altitude ranges, i.e., the low-altitude range of 200–20 Pa (Lp, ~10–30 km), the mid-altitude range of 20–2 Pa (Mp, ~30–50 km), and the high-altitude range of 2–0.2 Pa (Hp, ~50–70 km). The results indicate complex regional and north–south differences, as well as night–day variations, in the spatial distribution of GWs. Particularly, a three-wave structure of the GW activity is observed over mountainous regions in the mid-to-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The peak longitude range of this structure closely matches the mountainous terrain. In addition, our results reveal the presence of bands of GW aggregations in the mid- to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the Mp and Hp layers, which may be caused by the instability of the polar jet. There are also obvious seasonal and interannual variations in GW activities, which are related to topography, polar jets, and large dust storms. The interannual variations in GWs imply that, in addition to the well-known large seasonal dust storms, complex interannual variations in atmospheric activity over the polar jets and in the complex topography at mid-to-low latitudes on Mars may also exist, which deserve further studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Seasonal and Interannual Variation in Martian Gravity Waves at Different Altitudes from the Mars Climate Sounder.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Jing%22">Li, Jing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jingli@cma.gov.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Bo%22">Chen, Bo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Tao%22">Li, Tao</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Zhaopeng%22">Wu, Zhaopeng</searchLink><relatesTo>4,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zong%2C+Weiguo%22">Zong, Weiguo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3,4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p319. 25p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gravity+waves%22">Gravity waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Topography%22">Topography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Jet+streams%22">Jet streams</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Seasonal+physiological+variations%22">Seasonal physiological variations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dust+storms%22">Dust storms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+circulation%22">Atmospheric circulation</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Northern+Hemisphere%22">Northern Hemisphere</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? Based on observational data, this study reveals that gravity waves with vertical wavelengths ranging from 9 to 15 km exhibit complex global distributions at altitudes between 10 and 70 km. In addition, these distributions exhibit night–day variations, as well as seasonal and interannual variations. The global distribution and seasonal and interannual variations in gravity waves are associated with topography, polar jets, and large dust storms. What is the implication of the main finding? The interannual variations in gravity waves imply that, in addition to the known large dust storms, complex interannual variations may also exist in atmospheric activity over the polar jets and complex topography at mid-to-low latitudes on Mars. Gravity waves (GWs) are an important dynamic process in the planetary atmosphere. They are typically excited by convection, topography, or other sources from the lower atmosphere and propagate upwards. The GWs have a significant effect on the global atmospheric circulation on Mars. However, the lack of high-resolution data from previous observations has resulted in an insufficient understanding of GWs in the Martian atmosphere, particularly in terms of its global distribution and long-term evolution characteristics at different altitudes. Based on multiple years of Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) limb observations on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), we conducted a detailed study of the global distribution, seasonal and interannual variations in Martian atmospheric GWs with vertical wavelengths ranging from 9 to 15 km at three different altitude ranges, i.e., the low-altitude range of 200–20 Pa (Lp, ~10–30 km), the mid-altitude range of 20–2 Pa (Mp, ~30–50 km), and the high-altitude range of 2–0.2 Pa (Hp, ~50–70 km). The results indicate complex regional and north–south differences, as well as night–day variations, in the spatial distribution of GWs. Particularly, a three-wave structure of the GW activity is observed over mountainous regions in the mid-to-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The peak longitude range of this structure closely matches the mountainous terrain. In addition, our results reveal the presence of bands of GW aggregations in the mid- to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the Mp and Hp layers, which may be caused by the instability of the polar jet. There are also obvious seasonal and interannual variations in GW activities, which are related to topography, polar jets, and large dust storms. The interannual variations in GWs imply that, in addition to the well-known large seasonal dust storms, complex interannual variations in atmospheric activity over the polar jets and in the complex topography at mid-to-low latitudes on Mars may also exist, which deserve further studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/rs18020319
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 25
        StartPage: 319
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Gravity waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Topography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Jet streams
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Seasonal physiological variations
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      – SubjectFull: Dust storms
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      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric circulation
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      – SubjectFull: Northern Hemisphere
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Seasonal and Interannual Variation in Martian Gravity Waves at Different Altitudes from the Mars Climate Sounder.
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              Text: Jan2026
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