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Application of Evapotranspiration Models Coupled With Single and Dual‐Source Hypotheses in Maize (Zea mays L.) Fields in Northwest and Northeast China.

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Title: Application of Evapotranspiration Models Coupled With Single and Dual‐Source Hypotheses in Maize (Zea mays L.) Fields in Northwest and Northeast China.
Authors: Liu, Youwei1 (AUTHOR), Yan, Haofang1,2 (AUTHOR) yanhaofangyhf@163.com, Zhang, Chuan3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Jianyun2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Guoqing2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Desheng1 (AUTHOR), Bao, Rongxuan1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Biyu1 (AUTHOR), Zhou, Yudong1 (AUTHOR), Han, Yujing1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science. Mar2026, Vol. 212 Issue 2, p1-18. 18p.
Subjects: Evapotranspiration, Irrigation management, Agriculture, Planting
Geographic Terms: Manchuria (China), Harbin (China), Northwest China, Heilongjiang Sheng (China), Inner Mongolia (China)
Abstract: Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is a critical component of crop growth, yield formation, and the water cycle, and its accurate estimation is essential for agricultural management decisions. However, uncertainties remain regarding the applicability of existing ETc models under different climatic and planting conditions. In this study, the Penman‐Monteith (PM) model coupled with the Katerji‐Perrier (KP) and the Farias (FA) canopy resistance methods, the Priestley‐Taylor (PT), the Shuttleworth‐Wallace (SW), and the revised SW (R‐SW) models were applied for ETc calculation for rainfed maize in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province (NE‐H) from 2023 to 2024, and film‐mulched maize in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia (NW‐I) from 2020 to 2021. All model outputs were calibrated and validated using measured ETc with the Bowen Ratio Energy Balance method. The PM‐KP, R‐SW, and PT models in NW‐I and the PM‐KP and PT models in NE‐H performed better overall, with the coefficient of determination (R2) close to 0.8. The PT model achieved the highest simulation accuracy in NW‐I, with an R2 of 0.98, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.01 mm/h, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.02 mm/h. In NE‐H, the PM‐KP model outperformed the other models, with an R2 of 0.87, an MAE of 0.02 mm/h, and an RMSE of 0.08 mm/h. Additionally, model performance exhibited substantial variability across different regions and temporal scales. In NW‐I, model errors responded strongly to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and net radiation (Rn), with significant interactive effects with leaf area index (LAI). Whereas in NE‐H, errors of most models showed no consistent variation trends along VPD and Rn gradients, except for the PM‐FA model, with only specific models exhibiting systematic responses to extreme conditions. This study provides targeted technical support for water‐efficient irrigation management under specific climates. Future research should enhance the integration of meteorological and crop physiological factors into ETc model parameterisation and develop region‐specific correction terms for canopy resistance and energy partitioning processes to improve model adaptability for broader agroclimatic contexts. Highlights: The performance of typical ETc models under rainfed fields in Northeast China and mulching drip‐irrigated fields in Northwest China was evaluated.The PT model in Northwest China and the PM‐KP model in Northeast China performed best in modelling hourly and daily ETc.The R‐SW model significantly improved the performance of ETc estimation for the film‐mulched maize in Northwest China compared to the original SW model.The response of models' error to vapour pressure deficit, net radiation, and leaf area index in two regions was explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Engineering Source
Description
Abstract:Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is a critical component of crop growth, yield formation, and the water cycle, and its accurate estimation is essential for agricultural management decisions. However, uncertainties remain regarding the applicability of existing ETc models under different climatic and planting conditions. In this study, the Penman‐Monteith (PM) model coupled with the Katerji‐Perrier (KP) and the Farias (FA) canopy resistance methods, the Priestley‐Taylor (PT), the Shuttleworth‐Wallace (SW), and the revised SW (R‐SW) models were applied for ETc calculation for rainfed maize in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province (NE‐H) from 2023 to 2024, and film‐mulched maize in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia (NW‐I) from 2020 to 2021. All model outputs were calibrated and validated using measured ETc with the Bowen Ratio Energy Balance method. The PM‐KP, R‐SW, and PT models in NW‐I and the PM‐KP and PT models in NE‐H performed better overall, with the coefficient of determination (R2) close to 0.8. The PT model achieved the highest simulation accuracy in NW‐I, with an R2 of 0.98, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.01 mm/h, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.02 mm/h. In NE‐H, the PM‐KP model outperformed the other models, with an R2 of 0.87, an MAE of 0.02 mm/h, and an RMSE of 0.08 mm/h. Additionally, model performance exhibited substantial variability across different regions and temporal scales. In NW‐I, model errors responded strongly to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and net radiation (Rn), with significant interactive effects with leaf area index (LAI). Whereas in NE‐H, errors of most models showed no consistent variation trends along VPD and Rn gradients, except for the PM‐FA model, with only specific models exhibiting systematic responses to extreme conditions. This study provides targeted technical support for water‐efficient irrigation management under specific climates. Future research should enhance the integration of meteorological and crop physiological factors into ETc model parameterisation and develop region‐specific correction terms for canopy resistance and energy partitioning processes to improve model adaptability for broader agroclimatic contexts. Highlights: The performance of typical ETc models under rainfed fields in Northeast China and mulching drip‐irrigated fields in Northwest China was evaluated.The PT model in Northwest China and the PM‐KP model in Northeast China performed best in modelling hourly and daily ETc.The R‐SW model significantly improved the performance of ETc estimation for the film‐mulched maize in Northwest China compared to the original SW model.The response of models' error to vapour pressure deficit, net radiation, and leaf area index in two regions was explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:09312250
DOI:10.1111/jac.70163