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Raw Algerian pine cones as a sustainable biosorbent for malachite green removal: Experimental and DFT‐based insights.

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Title: Raw Algerian pine cones as a sustainable biosorbent for malachite green removal: Experimental and DFT‐based insights.
Authors: Boucif, Noureddine1,2 (AUTHOR), Choumane, Fatima Zohra2,3 (AUTHOR) chimief@yahoo.fr, Zaoui, Fatiha1,2 (AUTHOR), Berkane, Alaeddine1,2 (AUTHOR), Guendouzi, Abdelkrim1,2 (AUTHOR), Khelifaoui, Ahmed1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. Mar/Apr2026, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Malachite green, Pine cones, Physisorption, Sorbents, Thermodynamics, Density functional theory, Wastewater treatment, Basic dyes
Abstract: The presence of cationic dyes in wastewater represents a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study explores raw powdered Algerian pine cones (PC) as an abundant, low‐cost biosorbent for Malachite Green (MG) removal from aqueous solutions. The material was characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and pHpzc. The adsorption process was examined under different conditions: contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage, and temperature. Adsorption followed a pseudo‐second‐order model, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 86.95% after 30 min. Optimal conditions were pH 10, with 1 g biosorbent, 10 mg/L dye concentration, at 35°C. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔG°, ΔS°) were evaluated to elucidate the adsorption process nature. Results suggest that (MG) adsorption onto biosorbent was an endothermic physisorption process (ΔH° = +16.12855 KJ/mol). Positive Gibbs free energy change (ΔG ≥ 0) values, between 288 K and 308 K, indicate that the process is not spontaneous within this temperature range. However, at 318 K, energy change ΔG becomes negative (−0.30251 KJ/mol), suggesting a shift toward spontaneity as the temperature increases. The positive (ΔS°) suggests a randomness increase at the solid–liquid interface, which enhances the adsorption efficiency at elevated temperatures. DFT‐based quantum chemistry calculations explored electronic interactions between MG and biosorbent components, mainly cellulose. Results showed the adsorbed molecule is electrically stable and prone to nucleophilic attack, increasing its affinity for hydroxyl‐rich lignocellulosic surfaces. So, unprocessed Algerian pine cones offer an eco‐friendly solution for removing MG from wastewater, with strong potential for dye treatment and local biomass valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Raw Algerian pine cones as a sustainable biosorbent for malachite green removal: Experimental and DFT‐based insights.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Boucif%2C+Noureddine%22">Boucif, Noureddine</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Choumane%2C+Fatima+Zohra%22">Choumane, Fatima Zohra</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> chimief@yahoo.fr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zaoui%2C+Fatiha%22">Zaoui, Fatiha</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Berkane%2C+Alaeddine%22">Berkane, Alaeddine</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guendouzi%2C+Abdelkrim%22">Guendouzi, Abdelkrim</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Khelifaoui%2C+Ahmed%22">Khelifaoui, Ahmed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Progress+%26+Sustainable+Energy%22">Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy</searchLink>. Mar/Apr2026, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p1-17. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Malachite+green%22">Malachite green</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pine+cones%22">Pine cones</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physisorption%22">Physisorption</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sorbents%22">Sorbents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Density+functional+theory%22">Density functional theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wastewater+treatment%22">Wastewater treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Basic+dyes%22">Basic dyes</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The presence of cationic dyes in wastewater represents a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study explores raw powdered Algerian pine cones (PC) as an abundant, low‐cost biosorbent for Malachite Green (MG) removal from aqueous solutions. The material was characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and pHpzc. The adsorption process was examined under different conditions: contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage, and temperature. Adsorption followed a pseudo‐second‐order model, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 86.95% after 30 min. Optimal conditions were pH 10, with 1 g biosorbent, 10 mg/L dye concentration, at 35°C. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔG°, ΔS°) were evaluated to elucidate the adsorption process nature. Results suggest that (MG) adsorption onto biosorbent was an endothermic physisorption process (ΔH° = +16.12855 KJ/mol). Positive Gibbs free energy change (ΔG ≥ 0) values, between 288 K and 308 K, indicate that the process is not spontaneous within this temperature range. However, at 318 K, energy change ΔG becomes negative (−0.30251 KJ/mol), suggesting a shift toward spontaneity as the temperature increases. The positive (ΔS°) suggests a randomness increase at the solid–liquid interface, which enhances the adsorption efficiency at elevated temperatures. DFT‐based quantum chemistry calculations explored electronic interactions between MG and biosorbent components, mainly cellulose. Results showed the adsorbed molecule is electrically stable and prone to nucleophilic attack, increasing its affinity for hydroxyl‐rich lignocellulosic surfaces. So, unprocessed Algerian pine cones offer an eco‐friendly solution for removing MG from wastewater, with strong potential for dye treatment and local biomass valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/ep.70268
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Malachite green
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pine cones
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physisorption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sorbents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Density functional theory
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wastewater treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Basic dyes
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Raw Algerian pine cones as a sustainable biosorbent for malachite green removal: Experimental and DFT‐based insights.
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            NameFull: Boucif, Noureddine
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            NameFull: Choumane, Fatima Zohra
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            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar/Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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