Corrosion Performance of ASTM A615 Carbon Steel Bars in Arabian Seawater Under Natural and Simulated Conditions.
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| Title: | Corrosion Performance of ASTM A615 Carbon Steel Bars in Arabian Seawater Under Natural and Simulated Conditions. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | khan, Muhammad Wasiq Ali1 (AUTHOR), Ayub, Tehmina2 (AUTHOR), Khan, Sadaqat Ullah3 (AUTHOR) sadaqat@neduet.edu.pk |
| Source: | Materials (1996-1944). Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p1035. 25p. |
| Subjects: | Corrosion & anti-corrosives, Reinforcing bars, American Society for Testing Materials, Marine pollution, Environmental exposure, Deterioration of materials, Durability, Seawater |
| Abstract: | Reinforcing steel bars in coastal regions are frequently exposed to chloride-rich environments before the concrete placement, yet the mechanical consequences of this pre-embedding exposure are rarely quantified. This study experimentally investigates the corrosion progression and mechanical degradation of ASTM A615 grade 60 reinforcing steel bars subjected to natural marine exposure and accelerated simulated chloride conditions using real Arabian seawater. Bare bars of 10 mm diameter were exposed to outdoor coastal conditions in Karachi and to an electrically accelerated seawater environment. A periodic evaluation was carried out up to 270 days, including visual inspection, mass loss, diameter reduction, tensile testing, and microstructural characterisation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Natural exposure produced gradual general corrosion, corresponding to ~0.5% annual cross-sectional loss and minor reductions in tensile strength within experimental variability. In contrast, simulated chloride exposure markedly accelerated deterioration, causing diameter losses approaching 1 mm and reductions in yield and ultimate strength of up to 20–25% within 60 days. Strength degradation trends closely followed section loss, indicating cross-sectional reduction as the dominant observed factor. SEM observations showed porous and cracked corrosion products with limited protective capacity. A performance-based time equivalence between natural and simulated exposure was derived from degradation trends while acknowledging possible mechanistic differences. Regression models relating exposure parameters to residual strength showed strong agreement with experimental data. The findings demonstrate that pre-placement marine exposure can introduce measurable steel degradation, underscoring the need to account for construction-stage corrosion in durability management of reinforced concrete in coastal regions. The findings highlight the critical impact of pre-embedding chloride exposure on reinforcing steel performance and emphasise the need to incorporate construction-stage corrosion effects into durability-based design and marine construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 192640307 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Corrosion Performance of ASTM A615 Carbon Steel Bars in Arabian Seawater Under Natural and Simulated Conditions. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22khan%2C+Muhammad+Wasiq+Ali%22">khan, Muhammad Wasiq Ali</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ayub%2C+Tehmina%22">Ayub, Tehmina</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Khan%2C+Sadaqat+Ullah%22">Khan, Sadaqat Ullah</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sadaqat@neduet.edu.pk</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p1035. 25p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Corrosion+%26+anti-corrosives%22">Corrosion & anti-corrosives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reinforcing+bars%22">Reinforcing bars</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22American+Society+for+Testing+Materials%22">American Society for Testing Materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Marine+pollution%22">Marine pollution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+exposure%22">Environmental exposure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deterioration+of+materials%22">Deterioration of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Durability%22">Durability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Seawater%22">Seawater</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Reinforcing steel bars in coastal regions are frequently exposed to chloride-rich environments before the concrete placement, yet the mechanical consequences of this pre-embedding exposure are rarely quantified. This study experimentally investigates the corrosion progression and mechanical degradation of ASTM A615 grade 60 reinforcing steel bars subjected to natural marine exposure and accelerated simulated chloride conditions using real Arabian seawater. Bare bars of 10 mm diameter were exposed to outdoor coastal conditions in Karachi and to an electrically accelerated seawater environment. A periodic evaluation was carried out up to 270 days, including visual inspection, mass loss, diameter reduction, tensile testing, and microstructural characterisation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Natural exposure produced gradual general corrosion, corresponding to ~0.5% annual cross-sectional loss and minor reductions in tensile strength within experimental variability. In contrast, simulated chloride exposure markedly accelerated deterioration, causing diameter losses approaching 1 mm and reductions in yield and ultimate strength of up to 20–25% within 60 days. Strength degradation trends closely followed section loss, indicating cross-sectional reduction as the dominant observed factor. SEM observations showed porous and cracked corrosion products with limited protective capacity. A performance-based time equivalence between natural and simulated exposure was derived from degradation trends while acknowledging possible mechanistic differences. Regression models relating exposure parameters to residual strength showed strong agreement with experimental data. The findings demonstrate that pre-placement marine exposure can introduce measurable steel degradation, underscoring the need to account for construction-stage corrosion in durability management of reinforced concrete in coastal regions. The findings highlight the critical impact of pre-embedding chloride exposure on reinforcing steel performance and emphasise the need to incorporate construction-stage corrosion effects into durability-based design and marine construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/ma19051035 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 25 StartPage: 1035 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Corrosion & anti-corrosives Type: general – SubjectFull: Reinforcing bars Type: general – SubjectFull: American Society for Testing Materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Marine pollution Type: general – SubjectFull: Environmental exposure Type: general – SubjectFull: Deterioration of materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Durability Type: general – SubjectFull: Seawater Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Corrosion Performance of ASTM A615 Carbon Steel Bars in Arabian Seawater Under Natural and Simulated Conditions. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: khan, Muhammad Wasiq Ali – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ayub, Tehmina – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Khan, Sadaqat Ullah IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 03 Text: Mar2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 19961944 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 19 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
