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Exploring the efficacy of tin-free catalysts in alkyd resin synthesis.

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Title: Exploring the efficacy of tin-free catalysts in alkyd resin synthesis.
Authors: Saad, Muhammad1 (AUTHOR), Wazarkar, Kunal1 (AUTHOR) kunal.wazarkar@asianpaints.com, Singh, Vrijeshkumar1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Coatings Technology & Research. Mar2026, Vol. 23 Issue 2, p843-854. 12p.
Subjects: Zinc catalysts, Titanium catalysts, Metal catalysts, Esterification, Organotin compounds, Coating processes, Catalytic activity, Alkyd resins
Abstract: Organotin compounds are widely used as catalysts for the esterification and transesterification reactions in the production of polyesters and alkyd resins. However, they have been classified as toxic and harmful to humans as well as aquatic animals and plants. Hence, there is a need to find catalysts which are environment friendly, sustainable and shall have similar catalytic activity as that of organotin catalysts. Present research work deals with the investigation of tin-free catalysts based on zinc and titanium metals in the synthesis of alkyd resin for coating applications. For this purpose, four catalysts namely zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, titanium lactate (Tytan AQ33) and titanium complex (Tyzor TE) were screened and studied. Various concentrations of catalysts were attempted, i.e., 0.02 wt%, 0.05 wt% and 0.1 wt% and progress of the reaction was monitored by evaluating viscosity and acid value at periodic intervals. To optimize catalyst concentration and catalytic activity, resin characteristics were compared with the resin synthesized using conventional tin catalyst namely dibutyltin oxide (DBTO). It was observed that zinc-based catalysts exhibited better catalytic activity as compared to titanium-based catalysts as drop in acid value was much faster in the former case. Furthermore, zinc sulfate proved to be excellent catalyst among all the non-tin alternatives and demonstrated similar catalytic activity as that of DBTO. In addition, clear resin systems were also evaluated for performance properties and structure property relationships have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Coatings Technology & Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192983240
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  Data: Exploring the efficacy of tin-free catalysts in alkyd resin synthesis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saad%2C+Muhammad%22">Saad, Muhammad</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wazarkar%2C+Kunal%22">Wazarkar, Kunal</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kunal.wazarkar@asianpaints.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Singh%2C+Vrijeshkumar%22">Singh, Vrijeshkumar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Coatings+Technology+%26+Research%22">Journal of Coatings Technology & Research</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 23 Issue 2, p843-854. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zinc+catalysts%22">Zinc catalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+catalysts%22">Titanium catalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+catalysts%22">Metal catalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Esterification%22">Esterification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Organotin+compounds%22">Organotin compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coating+processes%22">Coating processes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Catalytic+activity%22">Catalytic activity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alkyd+resins%22">Alkyd resins</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Organotin compounds are widely used as catalysts for the esterification and transesterification reactions in the production of polyesters and alkyd resins. However, they have been classified as toxic and harmful to humans as well as aquatic animals and plants. Hence, there is a need to find catalysts which are environment friendly, sustainable and shall have similar catalytic activity as that of organotin catalysts. Present research work deals with the investigation of tin-free catalysts based on zinc and titanium metals in the synthesis of alkyd resin for coating applications. For this purpose, four catalysts namely zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, titanium lactate (Tytan AQ33) and titanium complex (Tyzor TE) were screened and studied. Various concentrations of catalysts were attempted, i.e., 0.02 wt%, 0.05 wt% and 0.1 wt% and progress of the reaction was monitored by evaluating viscosity and acid value at periodic intervals. To optimize catalyst concentration and catalytic activity, resin characteristics were compared with the resin synthesized using conventional tin catalyst namely dibutyltin oxide (DBTO). It was observed that zinc-based catalysts exhibited better catalytic activity as compared to titanium-based catalysts as drop in acid value was much faster in the former case. Furthermore, zinc sulfate proved to be excellent catalyst among all the non-tin alternatives and demonstrated similar catalytic activity as that of DBTO. In addition, clear resin systems were also evaluated for performance properties and structure property relationships have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Coatings Technology & Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11998-025-01172-x
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 843
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Zinc catalysts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium catalysts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metal catalysts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Esterification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Organotin compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Coating processes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Catalytic activity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Alkyd resins
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Exploring the efficacy of tin-free catalysts in alkyd resin synthesis.
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            NameFull: Saad, Muhammad
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            NameFull: Wazarkar, Kunal
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            NameFull: Singh, Vrijeshkumar
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            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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