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Stress‐Dependent Soil Water Characteristic Curves of Compacted Sand–Gypsum Mixtures.

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Title: Stress‐Dependent Soil Water Characteristic Curves of Compacted Sand–Gypsum Mixtures.
Authors: Al-Moadhen, Muataz M.1 (AUTHOR) m.m.almoadhen@mtu.edu.iq, Hussein, Hadeel M.2 (AUTHOR), Atia, Noor S.3 (AUTHOR), Anas, S. M. (AUTHOR) s1910521@st.jmi.ac.in
Source: Journal of Engineering (2314-4912). 4/22/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Gypsum in soils, Strains & stresses (Mechanics), Soil structure, Soil moisture, Calcium sulfate, Sandy soils, Soil matric potential
Abstract: The presence of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) impacts soil structure, bonding, pore size distribution, and water‐holding characteristics, altering both compaction characteristics and soil water characteristic curves (SWCC). In this study, compacted sand with different amounts of gypsum (0–60%) were tested under controlled stresses, focusing on assessing the combined influence of gypsum (Gc) and net‐normal stress (σn) on the SWCC characteristics under drying–wetting conditions. The results demonstrate that adding gypsum to sand makes the SWCC shape flatter, and the position is shifted upward to the left side. The SWCC‐suction parameters at air entry and residual point for drying and wetting curves (ψa, ψr, ψae, and ψwe) increase when gypsum content increases, whereas the corresponding SWCC‐water content parameters (θa, θr, θae, and θwe) generally decrease first and then increase beyond 20% gypsum content in drying and 40% in wetting. The SWCC‐suction parameters (ψa and ψae) increase first and then decrease as net‐normal stress increases while the (ψr and ψwe) express a decrease rate. The water content parameters (θa and θae) show a reduction trend with increasing net‐normal stress, and the influence is insignificant on the parameters (θr and θwe). The hysteresis area (HA) trend was affected by the combined effect of both Gc and σn. Water holding capacity (WHC) generally increases with Gc; however, at certain Gc, it decreases with an increasing σn. Fitting the classical SWCC models shows that it is possible to use these models for estimating SWCC of soils containing relatively low gypsum content (Gc ≤ 20%). For gypsum rich soils, both SSR and RMSE exhibit an increase trend indicating poor prediction because of the emerging dual‐porosity behavior that is not entirely captured by the models. In general, the SWCC behavior was dominated by sand skeleton, gypsum cementation, and pore‐filling mechanisms in low gypsum mixtures, whereas the evolved microstructural alteration governed the high gypsum mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Engineering (2314-4912) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Stress‐Dependent Soil Water Characteristic Curves of Compacted Sand–Gypsum Mixtures.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Engineering+%282314-4912%29%22">Journal of Engineering (2314-4912)</searchLink>. 4/22/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gypsum+in+soils%22">Gypsum in soils</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strains+%26+stresses+%28Mechanics%29%22">Strains & stresses (Mechanics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+structure%22">Soil structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+moisture%22">Soil moisture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calcium+sulfate%22">Calcium sulfate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sandy+soils%22">Sandy soils</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+matric+potential%22">Soil matric potential</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The presence of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) impacts soil structure, bonding, pore size distribution, and water‐holding characteristics, altering both compaction characteristics and soil water characteristic curves (SWCC). In this study, compacted sand with different amounts of gypsum (0–60%) were tested under controlled stresses, focusing on assessing the combined influence of gypsum (Gc) and net‐normal stress (σn) on the SWCC characteristics under drying–wetting conditions. The results demonstrate that adding gypsum to sand makes the SWCC shape flatter, and the position is shifted upward to the left side. The SWCC‐suction parameters at air entry and residual point for drying and wetting curves (ψa, ψr, ψae, and ψwe) increase when gypsum content increases, whereas the corresponding SWCC‐water content parameters (θa, θr, θae, and θwe) generally decrease first and then increase beyond 20% gypsum content in drying and 40% in wetting. The SWCC‐suction parameters (ψa and ψae) increase first and then decrease as net‐normal stress increases while the (ψr and ψwe) express a decrease rate. The water content parameters (θa and θae) show a reduction trend with increasing net‐normal stress, and the influence is insignificant on the parameters (θr and θwe). The hysteresis area (HA) trend was affected by the combined effect of both Gc and σn. Water holding capacity (WHC) generally increases with Gc; however, at certain Gc, it decreases with an increasing σn. Fitting the classical SWCC models shows that it is possible to use these models for estimating SWCC of soils containing relatively low gypsum content (Gc ≤ 20%). For gypsum rich soils, both SSR and RMSE exhibit an increase trend indicating poor prediction because of the emerging dual‐porosity behavior that is not entirely captured by the models. In general, the SWCC behavior was dominated by sand skeleton, gypsum cementation, and pore‐filling mechanisms in low gypsum mixtures, whereas the evolved microstructural alteration governed the high gypsum mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Engineering (2314-4912) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1155/je/7149663
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Gypsum in soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Strains & stresses (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil structure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil moisture
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calcium sulfate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sandy soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil matric potential
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Stress‐Dependent Soil Water Characteristic Curves of Compacted Sand–Gypsum Mixtures.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Al-Moadhen, Muataz M.
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            NameFull: Hussein, Hadeel M.
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            NameFull: Atia, Noor S.
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            NameFull: Anas, S. M.
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            – D: 22
              M: 04
              Text: 4/22/2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-print
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              Value: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Engineering (2314-4912)
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