A DEB–TKTD model for assessing the combined effects of imidacloprid, temperature and food availability on aquatic insects.

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Title: A DEB–TKTD model for assessing the combined effects of imidacloprid, temperature and food availability on aquatic insects.
Authors: Klagkou, Evridiki1 (AUTHOR), Gergs, Andre2 (AUTHOR), Gergs, Katrin3 (AUTHOR), Classen, Silke3 (AUTHOR), Baden, Christian U.2 (AUTHOR), Lika, Konstadia1 (AUTHOR) lika@uoc.gr
Source: Aquatic Toxicology. Jun2026, Vol. 295, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Imidacloprid, Temperature effect, Chironomus riparius, Aquatic insects, Neonicotinoids, Mayflies, Resource availability (Ecology)
Abstract: Mayflies and other aquatic insects are considered key species in environmental risk assessments of pesticides, particularly due to their sensitivity to neonicotinoids. While toxicity tests of pesticides are often conducted under laboratory controlled conditions, these organisms under environmentally relevant scenarios face numerous variable environmental factors including food availability, temperature, and chemical exposure. To investigate the influence of these environmental factors on toxicity, we developed Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) based toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) models for Chironomus riparius and Cloeon dipterum exposed to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. The models were parameterized using experimental data on feeding, mobility, and survival across various toxicant concentrations. Our findings reveal that, at constant exposure concentrations, the severity of effects is driven more by the duration of exposure (acute or chronic) than by the timing of exposure initiation. In batch exposure scenarios, the rate of decrease in toxicant significantly affects outcomes. Temperature primarily affects species sensitivity to the compound during short-term exposures, while food availability is more crucial in longer exposures. Survival to pupation/emergence is predominantly influenced by the toxicant concentration. C. riparius demonstrated sharp responses to concentration changes, while C. dipterum exhibited more gradual effects and heightened sensitivity to environmental variability. • DEB–TKTD models were developed to quantify chemical and environmental stress effects. • Temperature and food strongly affect imidacloprid sensitivity in aquatic insects. • Species sensitivity varies with age and exposure duration. • Findings help standardize toxicity tests and reduce variability across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Aquatic Toxicology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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An: 193309454
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  Label: Title
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  Data: A DEB–TKTD model for assessing the combined effects of imidacloprid, temperature and food availability on aquatic insects.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Klagkou%2C+Evridiki%22">Klagkou, Evridiki</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gergs%2C+Andre%22">Gergs, Andre</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gergs%2C+Katrin%22">Gergs, Katrin</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Classen%2C+Silke%22">Classen, Silke</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baden%2C+Christian+U%2E%22">Baden, Christian U.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lika%2C+Konstadia%22">Lika, Konstadia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lika@uoc.gr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Aquatic+Toxicology%22">Aquatic Toxicology</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 295, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Imidacloprid%22">Imidacloprid</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+effect%22">Temperature effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chironomus+riparius%22">Chironomus riparius</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aquatic+insects%22">Aquatic insects</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neonicotinoids%22">Neonicotinoids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mayflies%22">Mayflies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Resource+availability+%28Ecology%29%22">Resource availability (Ecology)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Mayflies and other aquatic insects are considered key species in environmental risk assessments of pesticides, particularly due to their sensitivity to neonicotinoids. While toxicity tests of pesticides are often conducted under laboratory controlled conditions, these organisms under environmentally relevant scenarios face numerous variable environmental factors including food availability, temperature, and chemical exposure. To investigate the influence of these environmental factors on toxicity, we developed Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) based toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) models for Chironomus riparius and Cloeon dipterum exposed to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. The models were parameterized using experimental data on feeding, mobility, and survival across various toxicant concentrations. Our findings reveal that, at constant exposure concentrations, the severity of effects is driven more by the duration of exposure (acute or chronic) than by the timing of exposure initiation. In batch exposure scenarios, the rate of decrease in toxicant significantly affects outcomes. Temperature primarily affects species sensitivity to the compound during short-term exposures, while food availability is more crucial in longer exposures. Survival to pupation/emergence is predominantly influenced by the toxicant concentration. C. riparius demonstrated sharp responses to concentration changes, while C. dipterum exhibited more gradual effects and heightened sensitivity to environmental variability. • DEB–TKTD models were developed to quantify chemical and environmental stress effects. • Temperature and food strongly affect imidacloprid sensitivity in aquatic insects. • Species sensitivity varies with age and exposure duration. • Findings help standardize toxicity tests and reduce variability across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Aquatic Toxicology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107802
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Imidacloprid
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chironomus riparius
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aquatic insects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neonicotinoids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mayflies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Resource availability (Ecology)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A DEB–TKTD model for assessing the combined effects of imidacloprid, temperature and food availability on aquatic insects.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Klagkou, Evridiki
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          Name:
            NameFull: Gergs, Andre
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            NameFull: Gergs, Katrin
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            NameFull: Classen, Silke
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            NameFull: Baden, Christian U.
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            NameFull: Lika, Konstadia
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0166445X
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              Value: 295
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Aquatic Toxicology
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