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Development of Remineralizing and Antibacterial Resin Coating for Provisional Crowns with Improved Bond Strength and Wear Resistance.

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Title: Development of Remineralizing and Antibacterial Resin Coating for Provisional Crowns with Improved Bond Strength and Wear Resistance.
Authors: Ba-Armah, Ibrahim1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Alhussein, Abdullah2,4 (AUTHOR), Almutairi, Nader1,2,3,5 (AUTHOR), Alenizy, Mohammad1,2,4,6 (AUTHOR), Alqarni, Heba1,2,5,7 (AUTHOR), Altamimi, Yazeed1,2,6 (AUTHOR), Altamimi, Ayman1,2,6,7 (AUTHOR), Masri, Radi8 (AUTHOR), Sun, Jirun9 (AUTHOR), Weir, Michael D.2,10 (AUTHOR), Xu, Hockin H. K.2,10,11 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p945. 22p.
Subjects: Synthetic gums & resins, Wear resistance, Calcium phosphate, Dental crowns, Nanoparticles, Bond strengths, Dental fluoride treatment
Abstract: Secondary caries and biofilm accumulation remain major causes of failure in provisional crowns and restorations, highlighting the need for multifunctional resin coatings with antibacterial and remineralizing capabilities. This study aimed to develop a novel bioactive and antibacterial resin-based surface coating incorporating 10% dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM), 20% nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), and/or 20% calcium fluoride nanoparticles (nCaF2) within a urethane dimethacrylate/triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether (UDMA/TEG-DVBE) matrix. Coatings were evaluated for degree of conversion (DC), flow, shear bond strength, brushing wear resistance (10,000 cycles), and calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4), and fluoride (F) ion release up to 70 days. All groups achieved clinically acceptable polymerization, with the lowest DC at 50%. NACP-containing coatings significantly increased shear bond strength to 18.3 ± 2.8 MPa, representing a ~170% increase compared with the experimental control (6.8 ± 2.1 MPa) and exceeding the ISO 10477 minimum threshold of 5 MPa. After brushing simulation, experimental coatings demonstrated low wear depth (0.93–1.19 µm), which was ~40% lower than the commercial control (1.85 ± 0.40 µm). Sustained ion release was achieved for 70 days, with 20% NACP-formula releasing 1.22 mmol/L Ca and 0.90 mmol/L PO4, while the dual NACP–nCaF2 formulation provided simultaneous Ca (0.62 mmol/L) and F (0.33 mmol/L) release. The developed coatings demonstrated promising physicochemical properties, bonding performance, wear resistance, and sustained remineralizing ion release, supporting their potential application as therapeutic surface coatings for provisional restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Development of Remineralizing and Antibacterial Resin Coating for Provisional Crowns with Improved Bond Strength and Wear Resistance.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ba-Armah%2C+Ibrahim%22">Ba-Armah, Ibrahim</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alhussein%2C+Abdullah%22">Alhussein, Abdullah</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Almutairi%2C+Nader%22">Almutairi, Nader</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alenizy%2C+Mohammad%22">Alenizy, Mohammad</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alqarni%2C+Heba%22">Alqarni, Heba</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,5,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Altamimi%2C+Yazeed%22">Altamimi, Yazeed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Altamimi%2C+Ayman%22">Altamimi, Ayman</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,6,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Masri%2C+Radi%22">Masri, Radi</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Jirun%22">Sun, Jirun</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Weir%2C+Michael+D%2E%22">Weir, Michael D.</searchLink><relatesTo>2,10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Hockin+H%2E+K%2E%22">Xu, Hockin H. K.</searchLink><relatesTo>2,10,11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p945. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Synthetic+gums+%26+resins%22">Synthetic gums & resins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wear+resistance%22">Wear resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calcium+phosphate%22">Calcium phosphate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dental+crowns%22">Dental crowns</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanoparticles%22">Nanoparticles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bond+strengths%22">Bond strengths</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dental+fluoride+treatment%22">Dental fluoride treatment</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Secondary caries and biofilm accumulation remain major causes of failure in provisional crowns and restorations, highlighting the need for multifunctional resin coatings with antibacterial and remineralizing capabilities. This study aimed to develop a novel bioactive and antibacterial resin-based surface coating incorporating 10% dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM), 20% nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), and/or 20% calcium fluoride nanoparticles (nCaF2) within a urethane dimethacrylate/triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether (UDMA/TEG-DVBE) matrix. Coatings were evaluated for degree of conversion (DC), flow, shear bond strength, brushing wear resistance (10,000 cycles), and calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4), and fluoride (F) ion release up to 70 days. All groups achieved clinically acceptable polymerization, with the lowest DC at 50%. NACP-containing coatings significantly increased shear bond strength to 18.3 ± 2.8 MPa, representing a ~170% increase compared with the experimental control (6.8 ± 2.1 MPa) and exceeding the ISO 10477 minimum threshold of 5 MPa. After brushing simulation, experimental coatings demonstrated low wear depth (0.93–1.19 µm), which was ~40% lower than the commercial control (1.85 ± 0.40 µm). Sustained ion release was achieved for 70 days, with 20% NACP-formula releasing 1.22 mmol/L Ca and 0.90 mmol/L PO4, while the dual NACP–nCaF2 formulation provided simultaneous Ca (0.62 mmol/L) and F (0.33 mmol/L) release. The developed coatings demonstrated promising physicochemical properties, bonding performance, wear resistance, and sustained remineralizing ion release, supporting their potential application as therapeutic surface coatings for provisional restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18080945
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 945
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Synthetic gums & resins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wear resistance
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      – SubjectFull: Calcium phosphate
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      – SubjectFull: Dental crowns
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      – SubjectFull: Nanoparticles
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              Text: Apr2026
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