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Ultrasound and Microwave Treatments to Produce Flexible Thermoplastic Starch–Brewers' Spent Grain Composite Films.

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Title: Ultrasound and Microwave Treatments to Produce Flexible Thermoplastic Starch–Brewers' Spent Grain Composite Films.
Authors: Baiano, Antonietta1 (AUTHOR) antonietta.baiano@unifg.it, Di Palma, Antonella1 (AUTHOR), Fiore, Anna1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p967. 30p.
Subjects: Brewer's spent grain, Microwave heating, Process optimization, Sonication, Thermoplastics, Mechanical behavior of materials, Thermoplastic composites, Materials testing
Abstract: This research aimed to evaluate the effects of formulation and process conditions on the physical and structural properties of starch–brewers' spent grain films. Three factors were considered: BSG amounts (0, 1, 3, 5%), a possible ultrasonication pre-treatment, and different microwave gelatinization treatments (450 W for 80 and 90 s; 900 W for 45 and 50 s). An increase in BSG is responsible for increases in moisture (10.72 → 23.40%), water absorption (67.65 → 95.73%), density (0.90 → 1.27 g/cm3), browning index (5.86 → 85.88), UV blocking capacity (82.42% → 99.96% for UV_A; 61.28% → 99.86% for UV_B), and degradability in the first 7 days (58.72 → 66.57%), but dramatically decreases the Young's modulus and tensile strength (fallen to 2.90 N/mm2 and 0.21 N/mm2, at 5% BSG). Sonication contributes to increased browning index (36.17 → 37.24), UV blocking capacity, solubility (49.35 → 51.49%) and Young's modulus (4.40 → 4.77 N/mm2). The most severe microwave treatment (900 W, 50 s) minimizes moisture (15.83%) and water absorption (80.89%) and maximizes density (1.21 g/cm3), browning index (37.52), and Young's modulus (5.37 N/mm2). SEM micrographs allow us to observe that the film surface appears rough, and the structure becomes increasingly porous as BSG % increases. The regression analysis indicates that the quadratic model effectively describes the relationships between the three factors and each of the most important properties of the films; it is suitable for predicting film behavior and optimizing their characteristics depending on the desired use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Ultrasound and Microwave Treatments to Produce Flexible Thermoplastic Starch–Brewers' Spent Grain Composite Films.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baiano%2C+Antonietta%22">Baiano, Antonietta</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> antonietta.baiano@unifg.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Di+Palma%2C+Antonella%22">Di Palma, Antonella</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fiore%2C+Anna%22">Fiore, Anna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p967. 30p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brewer's+spent+grain%22">Brewer's spent grain</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+heating%22">Microwave heating</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Process+optimization%22">Process optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sonication%22">Sonication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermoplastics%22">Thermoplastics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermoplastic+composites%22">Thermoplastic composites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Materials+testing%22">Materials testing</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This research aimed to evaluate the effects of formulation and process conditions on the physical and structural properties of starch–brewers' spent grain films. Three factors were considered: BSG amounts (0, 1, 3, 5%), a possible ultrasonication pre-treatment, and different microwave gelatinization treatments (450 W for 80 and 90 s; 900 W for 45 and 50 s). An increase in BSG is responsible for increases in moisture (10.72 → 23.40%), water absorption (67.65 → 95.73%), density (0.90 → 1.27 g/cm3), browning index (5.86 → 85.88), UV blocking capacity (82.42% → 99.96% for UV_A; 61.28% → 99.86% for UV_B), and degradability in the first 7 days (58.72 → 66.57%), but dramatically decreases the Young's modulus and tensile strength (fallen to 2.90 N/mm2 and 0.21 N/mm2, at 5% BSG). Sonication contributes to increased browning index (36.17 → 37.24), UV blocking capacity, solubility (49.35 → 51.49%) and Young's modulus (4.40 → 4.77 N/mm2). The most severe microwave treatment (900 W, 50 s) minimizes moisture (15.83%) and water absorption (80.89%) and maximizes density (1.21 g/cm3), browning index (37.52), and Young's modulus (5.37 N/mm2). SEM micrographs allow us to observe that the film surface appears rough, and the structure becomes increasingly porous as BSG % increases. The regression analysis indicates that the quadratic model effectively describes the relationships between the three factors and each of the most important properties of the films; it is suitable for predicting film behavior and optimizing their characteristics depending on the desired use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18080967
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 30
        StartPage: 967
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Brewer's spent grain
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microwave heating
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Process optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sonication
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermoplastics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermoplastic composites
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Materials testing
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Ultrasound and Microwave Treatments to Produce Flexible Thermoplastic Starch–Brewers' Spent Grain Composite Films.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Baiano, Antonietta
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            NameFull: Di Palma, Antonella
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            NameFull: Fiore, Anna
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            – D: 15
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 18
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