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Selective Control Mechanisms, Quantitative Evaluation, and Sustainable Strategies for Cultural Heritage Surface Cleaning.

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Title: Selective Control Mechanisms, Quantitative Evaluation, and Sustainable Strategies for Cultural Heritage Surface Cleaning.
Authors: Zhang, Jiaxin1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Yutong1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Xiang1 (AUTHOR), Xu, Shanxiang1,2 (AUTHOR), Chen, Wenxuan1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Xinyou1,2 (AUTHOR) liu.xinyou@njfu.edu.cn
Source: Polymers (20734360). May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p1116. 18p.
Subjects: Surface cleaning, Quantitative research, Cleaning compounds, Nanostructured materials, Cultural property, Hydrogels, Environmental protection
Abstract: The conservation of cultural heritage artifacts requires precise and controlled cleaning strategies to remove surface contaminants while preserving the structural and aesthetic integrity of the original materials. Over time, artifacts made of stone, paper, textiles, and other materials are exposed to environmental pollution, chemical reactions, and microbial colonization, which lead to the accumulation of complex contaminant layers and progressive material degradation. In recent years, significant advances in materials science have introduced innovative cleaning approaches, including polymer gels, microemulsions, nanomaterials, and enzyme-assisted systems, which enable selective contaminant removal with reduced risk of substrate damage. These methods provide improved control over solvent release, contaminant dissolution, and interaction with sensitive surfaces compared to conventional mechanical and chemical cleaning techniques. In addition, advanced analytical tools such as Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have enabled quantitative evaluation of cleaning efficiency and more accurate monitoring of conservation processes. This review summarizes the major contamination mechanisms affecting cultural heritage materials and discusses recent developments in cleaning technologies, functional materials, and evaluation methods. The analysis shows that selective cleaning methods can significantly minimize damage to the underlying substrate, while environmentally friendly functional materials combined with multi-dimensional quantitative evaluation provide an effective and sustainable framework for cultural heritage conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193716251
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Selective Control Mechanisms, Quantitative Evaluation, and Sustainable Strategies for Cultural Heritage Surface Cleaning.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Jiaxin%22">Zhang, Jiaxin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Yutong%22">Liu, Yutong</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xiang%22">Liu, Xiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Shanxiang%22">Xu, Shanxiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Wenxuan%22">Chen, Wenxuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xinyou%22">Liu, Xinyou</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> liu.xinyou@njfu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p1116. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+cleaning%22">Surface cleaning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quantitative+research%22">Quantitative research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cleaning+compounds%22">Cleaning compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanostructured+materials%22">Nanostructured materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cultural+property%22">Cultural property</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogels%22">Hydrogels</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+protection%22">Environmental protection</searchLink>
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  Data: The conservation of cultural heritage artifacts requires precise and controlled cleaning strategies to remove surface contaminants while preserving the structural and aesthetic integrity of the original materials. Over time, artifacts made of stone, paper, textiles, and other materials are exposed to environmental pollution, chemical reactions, and microbial colonization, which lead to the accumulation of complex contaminant layers and progressive material degradation. In recent years, significant advances in materials science have introduced innovative cleaning approaches, including polymer gels, microemulsions, nanomaterials, and enzyme-assisted systems, which enable selective contaminant removal with reduced risk of substrate damage. These methods provide improved control over solvent release, contaminant dissolution, and interaction with sensitive surfaces compared to conventional mechanical and chemical cleaning techniques. In addition, advanced analytical tools such as Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have enabled quantitative evaluation of cleaning efficiency and more accurate monitoring of conservation processes. This review summarizes the major contamination mechanisms affecting cultural heritage materials and discusses recent developments in cleaning technologies, functional materials, and evaluation methods. The analysis shows that selective cleaning methods can significantly minimize damage to the underlying substrate, while environmentally friendly functional materials combined with multi-dimensional quantitative evaluation provide an effective and sustainable framework for cultural heritage conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18091116
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 1116
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      – SubjectFull: Surface cleaning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Quantitative research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cleaning compounds
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      – SubjectFull: Nanostructured materials
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      – SubjectFull: Cultural property
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrogels
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      – SubjectFull: Environmental protection
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Selective Control Mechanisms, Quantitative Evaluation, and Sustainable Strategies for Cultural Heritage Surface Cleaning.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Zhang, Jiaxin
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            NameFull: Liu, Yutong
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            NameFull: Liu, Xiang
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            NameFull: Xu, Shanxiang
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            NameFull: Chen, Wenxuan
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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