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Fatigue damage detection in welded joints using a sideband peak intensity-based on nonlinear ultrasonic frequency mixing.

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Title: Fatigue damage detection in welded joints using a sideband peak intensity-based on nonlinear ultrasonic frequency mixing.
Authors: Wu, Caizheng1 (AUTHOR), Wei, Qin1 (AUTHOR) weiqin@just.edu.cn, Wei, Zeyi1 (AUTHOR), Shen, Chaoming2 (AUTHOR), Hu, Mengchuan1 (AUTHOR), Song, Jingxiang1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation. Apr2026, Vol. 41 Issue 4, p2194-2214. 21p.
Subjects: Welded joints, Structural health monitoring, Ultrasonic testing, Rayleigh waves, Fatigue testing machines, Fatigue cracks
Abstract: Early detection of fatigue damage in welded joints is critical for ensuring structural safety and preventing catastrophic accidents. Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques have advanced substantially, enabling microscopic damage detection. However, there are still challenges in its early fatigue characterization, and its practical application in marine steel welded joints is rarely reported. This study proposes a method using nonlinear mixed frequency Rayleigh waves based on the sideband peak intensity (SPI) for quantitatively characterising and monitoring fatigue damage in welded marine steel joints. The impact of mixed-frequency orders on detection sensitivity for fatigue damage was also investigated. The SPI index provides a distinct signal of fatigue progression and serves as an early warning for potential fracture. Experimental results demonstrate that the SPI index steadily increases during fatigue accumulation and decreases sharply before fracture, with a 24% decline after 350,000 fatigue cycles. Furthermore, fifth-order mixing significantly improves the nonlinear parameter and correlates well with the SPI index, verifying its accuracy and reliability. Compared to the sideband peak counting index (SPC-I), the SPI index offers higher sensitivity, less threshold dependency, and stronger noise resistance. These results confirm the method's effectiveness and practicality for early fatigue detection and structural health monitoring in marine engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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An: 193857966
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Fatigue damage detection in welded joints using a sideband peak intensity-based on nonlinear ultrasonic frequency mixing.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Caizheng%22">Wu, Caizheng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wei%2C+Qin%22">Wei, Qin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> weiqin@just.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wei%2C+Zeyi%22">Wei, Zeyi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shen%2C+Chaoming%22">Shen, Chaoming</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hu%2C+Mengchuan%22">Hu, Mengchuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Jingxiang%22">Song, Jingxiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nondestructive+Testing+%26+Evaluation%22">Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 41 Issue 4, p2194-2214. 21p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Welded+joints%22">Welded joints</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Structural+health+monitoring%22">Structural health monitoring</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrasonic+testing%22">Ultrasonic testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rayleigh+waves%22">Rayleigh waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fatigue+testing+machines%22">Fatigue testing machines</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fatigue+cracks%22">Fatigue cracks</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Early detection of fatigue damage in welded joints is critical for ensuring structural safety and preventing catastrophic accidents. Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques have advanced substantially, enabling microscopic damage detection. However, there are still challenges in its early fatigue characterization, and its practical application in marine steel welded joints is rarely reported. This study proposes a method using nonlinear mixed frequency Rayleigh waves based on the sideband peak intensity (SPI) for quantitatively characterising and monitoring fatigue damage in welded marine steel joints. The impact of mixed-frequency orders on detection sensitivity for fatigue damage was also investigated. The SPI index provides a distinct signal of fatigue progression and serves as an early warning for potential fracture. Experimental results demonstrate that the SPI index steadily increases during fatigue accumulation and decreases sharply before fracture, with a 24% decline after 350,000 fatigue cycles. Furthermore, fifth-order mixing significantly improves the nonlinear parameter and correlates well with the SPI index, verifying its accuracy and reliability. Compared to the sideband peak counting index (SPC-I), the SPI index offers higher sensitivity, less threshold dependency, and stronger noise resistance. These results confirm the method's effectiveness and practicality for early fatigue detection and structural health monitoring in marine engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/10589759.2025.2502149
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 2194
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Welded joints
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Structural health monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ultrasonic testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rayleigh waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fatigue testing machines
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fatigue cracks
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Fatigue damage detection in welded joints using a sideband peak intensity-based on nonlinear ultrasonic frequency mixing.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Wu, Caizheng
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            NameFull: Wei, Qin
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            NameFull: Wei, Zeyi
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            NameFull: Shen, Chaoming
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            NameFull: Hu, Mengchuan
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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