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Recyclable standardized sludge for performance evaluation of low-temperature drying units: Preparation and feasibility verification.

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Title: Recyclable standardized sludge for performance evaluation of low-temperature drying units: Preparation and feasibility verification.
Authors: Qin, Yuting1 (AUTHOR), Guo, Yanping1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Hu, Yongyou1 (AUTHOR) ppyyhu@scut.edu.cn, Liu, Jingyu1,4 (AUTHOR) liujy@m.scnu.edu.cn, Huang, Guanying3 (AUTHOR), Li, Guanghuan3 (AUTHOR), Chen, Haochun3 (AUTHOR), Huang, Qingying3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Environmental Management. May2026, Vol. 408, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Sewage sludge drying, Sewage sludge, Air source heat pump systems, Mass transfer kinetics, Energy consumption, Food dehydration, Pilot projects
Abstract: To address the inconsistency in energy efficiency evaluation of air-source heat pump sludge drying systems caused by direct use of actual sludge, an energy efficiency testing strategy based on the standardized sludge was proposed. Standardized sludge prepared using poplar wood powder (33 wt%) and limestone powder (2 wt%) according to the equivalent simulation principle, it exhibited equivalent characteristics to actual sludge in terms of volatile solids (49.18 ± 5%), calorific value (2424 cal/g ± 5%), pyrolysis behavior and moisture transport kinetics (fitted by a two-term exponential equation). Moreover, standardized sludge could be continuously reused over 15 cycles under fixed moisture contents (65 ± 3% inlet, 20 ± 2% outlet). A "fixed boundary-open conditions" black-box testing method was employed, with energy efficiency evaluated via Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER). Pilot-scale tests demonstrated that energy efficiency varied with open conditions (air volume and temperature), with a variation of 12%. SMER exhibited high reproducibility (<5% variation) and successfully distinguished performance differences among drying units. The method also showed favorable applicability and economic viability, with a single-test cost of approximately 455 CNY. This study proposed a novel approach for energy efficiency testing of low-temperature sludge drying units based on standardized sludge. [Display omitted] • Standardized sludge was first designed to evaluate energy efficiency for drying units. • Standardized sludge matched real sludge in physicochemical and process properties. • A new "fixed boundary-open conditions" method was built based on standardized sludge. • Standardized sludge showed great recyclability with drying efficiency equal to real sludge. • Pilot test validated the technicality and economic viability of the testing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Environmental Management is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Recyclable standardized sludge for performance evaluation of low-temperature drying units: Preparation and feasibility verification.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Qin%2C+Yuting%22&quot;&gt;Qin, Yuting&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Guo%2C+Yanping%22&quot;&gt;Guo, Yanping&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2,3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Hu%2C+Yongyou%22&quot;&gt;Hu, Yongyou&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; ppyyhu@scut.edu.cn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Liu%2C+Jingyu%22&quot;&gt;Liu, Jingyu&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; liujy@m.scnu.edu.cn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Huang%2C+Guanying%22&quot;&gt;Huang, Guanying&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Li%2C+Guanghuan%22&quot;&gt;Li, Guanghuan&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Chen%2C+Haochun%22&quot;&gt;Chen, Haochun&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Huang%2C+Qingying%22&quot;&gt;Huang, Qingying&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Journal+of+Environmental+Management%22&quot;&gt;Journal of Environmental Management&lt;/searchLink&gt;. May2026, Vol. 408, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Sewage+sludge+drying%22&quot;&gt;Sewage sludge drying&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Sewage+sludge%22&quot;&gt;Sewage sludge&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Air+source+heat+pump+systems%22&quot;&gt;Air source heat pump systems&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Mass+transfer+kinetics%22&quot;&gt;Mass transfer kinetics&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Energy+consumption%22&quot;&gt;Energy consumption&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Food+dehydration%22&quot;&gt;Food dehydration&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Pilot+projects%22&quot;&gt;Pilot projects&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: To address the inconsistency in energy efficiency evaluation of air-source heat pump sludge drying systems caused by direct use of actual sludge, an energy efficiency testing strategy based on the standardized sludge was proposed. Standardized sludge prepared using poplar wood powder (33 wt%) and limestone powder (2 wt%) according to the equivalent simulation principle, it exhibited equivalent characteristics to actual sludge in terms of volatile solids (49.18 &#177; 5%), calorific value (2424 cal/g &#177; 5%), pyrolysis behavior and moisture transport kinetics (fitted by a two-term exponential equation). Moreover, standardized sludge could be continuously reused over 15 cycles under fixed moisture contents (65 &#177; 3% inlet, 20 &#177; 2% outlet). A &quot;fixed boundary-open conditions&quot; black-box testing method was employed, with energy efficiency evaluated via Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER). Pilot-scale tests demonstrated that energy efficiency varied with open conditions (air volume and temperature), with a variation of 12%. SMER exhibited high reproducibility (&lt;5% variation) and successfully distinguished performance differences among drying units. The method also showed favorable applicability and economic viability, with a single-test cost of approximately 455 CNY. This study proposed a novel approach for energy efficiency testing of low-temperature sludge drying units based on standardized sludge. [Display omitted] • Standardized sludge was first designed to evaluate energy efficiency for drying units. • Standardized sludge matched real sludge in physicochemical and process properties. • A new &quot;fixed boundary-open conditions&quot; method was built based on standardized sludge. • Standardized sludge showed great recyclability with drying efficiency equal to real sludge. • Pilot test validated the technicality and economic viability of the testing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Environmental Management is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129994
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Sewage sludge drying
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sewage sludge
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Air source heat pump systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mass transfer kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy consumption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food dehydration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pilot projects
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Recyclable standardized sludge for performance evaluation of low-temperature drying units: Preparation and feasibility verification.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Qin, Yuting
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Guo, Yanping
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Hu, Yongyou
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            NameFull: Liu, Jingyu
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Huang, Guanying
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            NameFull: Li, Guanghuan
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            NameFull: Chen, Haochun
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            NameFull: Huang, Qingying
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            – D: 15
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 03014797
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              Value: 408
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of Environmental Management
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