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Orthogonal subspace approach for underwater acoustic wave-vector direction estimation based on acousto-optic sensing.

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Bibliographic Details
Title:	Orthogonal subspace approach for underwater acoustic wave-vector direction estimation based on acousto-optic sensing.
Authors:	Li, Xianyang¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Boyuan² (AUTHOR), Zhang, Ruitao¹ (AUTHOR), Ma, Yinghe¹ (AUTHOR), Yang, XiaoXia³ (AUTHOR), Xue, Bin⁴ (AUTHOR) binxue@tongji.edu.cn
Source:	Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. May2026, Vol. 159 Issue 5, p3870-3883. 14p.
Subjects:	Acoustooptical devices, Multiple Signal Classification, Hydrophone
Abstract:	High-precision wave-vector direction estimation is critical for underwater acoustic positioning, target detection, and tracking. Traditional array-based methods typically require large apertures, whereas a single acoustic vector sensor depends on inter-channel phase consistency and remains underexplored at mid-to-high frequencies. To overcome these limitations, we replace piezoelectric or electromagnetic principles with the acousto-optic effect for acoustic vector sensing, which provides multidimensional, high-order, non-contact sensing and is well suited to wave-vector sensing in the mid- to high- frequency range. Building on the classical MUSIC method and the acousto-optic sensing principle, we develop an orthogonal-subspace wave-vector direction estimation algorithm (named MUSIC-L) tailored to acousto-optic wave-vector sensing and validate it through simulations and experiments. Simulation results show that the proposed method is robust and that the theoretical error is almost independent of angle; at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB with 80 snapshots (2 MHz sampling rate, 75 kHz source), the root mean square error is 1.4°. Finally, we design and fabricate an acousto-optic vector hydrophone prototype (0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.185 m) and measure the wave-vector direction in an anechoic tank. The results show that, with 80 snapshots, the estimation error remains below 1°, with a standard deviation of approximately 0.23°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database:	Engineering Source

Description
Abstract:	High-precision wave-vector direction estimation is critical for underwater acoustic positioning, target detection, and tracking. Traditional array-based methods typically require large apertures, whereas a single acoustic vector sensor depends on inter-channel phase consistency and remains underexplored at mid-to-high frequencies. To overcome these limitations, we replace piezoelectric or electromagnetic principles with the acousto-optic effect for acoustic vector sensing, which provides multidimensional, high-order, non-contact sensing and is well suited to wave-vector sensing in the mid- to high- frequency range. Building on the classical MUSIC method and the acousto-optic sensing principle, we develop an orthogonal-subspace wave-vector direction estimation algorithm (named MUSIC-L) tailored to acousto-optic wave-vector sensing and validate it through simulations and experiments. Simulation results show that the proposed method is robust and that the theoretical error is almost independent of angle; at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB with 80 snapshots (2 MHz sampling rate, 75 kHz source), the root mean square error is 1.4°. Finally, we design and fabricate an acousto-optic vector hydrophone prototype (0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.185 m) and measure the wave-vector direction in an anechoic tank. The results show that, with 80 snapshots, the estimation error remains below 1°, with a standard deviation of approximately 0.23°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:	00014966
DOI:	10.1121/10.0043813