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Effect of Temperature and Atmosphere on Agglomeration of Bed Particles in a Bubbling Fluidised Bed Burning Na‐Enriched Coal.

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Title: Effect of Temperature and Atmosphere on Agglomeration of Bed Particles in a Bubbling Fluidised Bed Burning Na‐Enriched Coal.
Authors: Guo, Zipeng1 (AUTHOR), Li, Jianbo1 (AUTHOR) jianbo.li@cqu.edu.cn, Long, Xiaofei1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Quanhai1 (AUTHOR), Lu, Xiaofeng1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering. May2026, Vol. 21 Issue 3, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Agglomeration (Materials), Temperature effect, Coal, Fluidization, Fluidized-bed combustion, Coal ash, Combustion, Sand
Abstract: Agglomeration of bed materials during circulating fluidised bed (CFB) combustion or gasification of high‐alkali fuel is a practical challenge in industrial practice. This work investigates experimentally the effect of temperatures (700°C–900°C) and atmosphere (air equivalence ratios 1.61–0.53) on agglomeration in a lab‐scale bubbling fluidised bed burning Na‐enriched Zhundong coal. The critical Na/Si ratio leading to defluidisation was uniquely quantified, and the role of residual char being as a key precursor initiating agglomeration was revealed. Results show that under oxidising atmospheres, agglomeration of quartz particles did not occur at 700°C but occurred at 800°C–900°C, driven by the formation of Na‐silicates bridges between quartz particles, highlighting the effect of temperature and Na in initiating agglomeration. In contrast, under reducing atmospheres, defluidisation of quartz particles occurred earlier compared to those in oxidising atmosphere conditions, with residual char enriching in Na/Ca/Fe/S were found to be the main precursor for agglomeration initiation. This is proved by separate experiments by sending either Na2CO3‐doped Zhundong coal or coal ash into BFB. FactSage calculation revealed that incorporating quartz into the coal ash lowers the slag‐liquid phase formation temperature by approximately 250°C, highlighting the role of ash‐bed particle mineral interactions in promoting agglomeration. These results suggest practical measures to mitigate agglomeration: minimising reduction atmospheres, controlling the bed Na/Si ratio below the critical threshold, managing char accumulation and considering alternative bed materials or additives (e.g., Al‐ or Mg‐rich compounds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Effect of Temperature and Atmosphere on Agglomeration of Bed Particles in a Bubbling Fluidised Bed Burning Na‐Enriched Coal.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guo%2C+Zipeng%22">Guo, Zipeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Jianbo%22">Li, Jianbo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jianbo.li@cqu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Long%2C+Xiaofei%22">Long, Xiaofei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Quanhai%22">Wang, Quanhai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lu%2C+Xiaofeng%22">Lu, Xiaofeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Asia-Pacific+Journal+of+Chemical+Engineering%22">Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 21 Issue 3, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Agglomeration+%28Materials%29%22">Agglomeration (Materials)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+effect%22">Temperature effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coal%22">Coal</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluidization%22">Fluidization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluidized-bed+combustion%22">Fluidized-bed combustion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coal+ash%22">Coal ash</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Combustion%22">Combustion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sand%22">Sand</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Agglomeration of bed materials during circulating fluidised bed (CFB) combustion or gasification of high‐alkali fuel is a practical challenge in industrial practice. This work investigates experimentally the effect of temperatures (700°C–900°C) and atmosphere (air equivalence ratios 1.61–0.53) on agglomeration in a lab‐scale bubbling fluidised bed burning Na‐enriched Zhundong coal. The critical Na/Si ratio leading to defluidisation was uniquely quantified, and the role of residual char being as a key precursor initiating agglomeration was revealed. Results show that under oxidising atmospheres, agglomeration of quartz particles did not occur at 700°C but occurred at 800°C–900°C, driven by the formation of Na‐silicates bridges between quartz particles, highlighting the effect of temperature and Na in initiating agglomeration. In contrast, under reducing atmospheres, defluidisation of quartz particles occurred earlier compared to those in oxidising atmosphere conditions, with residual char enriching in Na/Ca/Fe/S were found to be the main precursor for agglomeration initiation. This is proved by separate experiments by sending either Na2CO3‐doped Zhundong coal or coal ash into BFB. FactSage calculation revealed that incorporating quartz into the coal ash lowers the slag‐liquid phase formation temperature by approximately 250°C, highlighting the role of ash‐bed particle mineral interactions in promoting agglomeration. These results suggest practical measures to mitigate agglomeration: minimising reduction atmospheres, controlling the bed Na/Si ratio below the critical threshold, managing char accumulation and considering alternative bed materials or additives (e.g., Al‐ or Mg‐rich compounds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/apj.70228
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Agglomeration (Materials)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Coal
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluidization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluidized-bed combustion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Coal ash
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Combustion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sand
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effect of Temperature and Atmosphere on Agglomeration of Bed Particles in a Bubbling Fluidised Bed Burning Na‐Enriched Coal.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Guo, Zipeng
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            NameFull: Li, Jianbo
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            NameFull: Long, Xiaofei
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            NameFull: Wang, Quanhai
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            NameFull: Lu, Xiaofeng
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 21
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            – TitleFull: Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering
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