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Two-dimensional nanomaterials in biodegradable food packaging: enhancing barrier properties, mechanical strength, and active functionality.

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Title: Two-dimensional nanomaterials in biodegradable food packaging: enhancing barrier properties, mechanical strength, and active functionality.
Authors: Eskalen, Hasan1,2 (AUTHOR) eskalen@ksu.edu.tr, Kavgacı, Mustafa3 (AUTHOR), Yaykaşlı, Hakan4 (AUTHOR), Kaya, Sevim5 (AUTHOR), Ceyhan, Gökhan6 (AUTHOR), Kalmış, Hacı Veli7 (AUTHOR), Baltacı, Rabiye8 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymer Bulletin. Sep2026, Vol. 83 Issue 9, p1-41. 41p.
Subjects: Two-dimensional materials (Nanotechnology), Food packaging design, Molybdenum disulfide, MXenes, Graphene oxide, Tensile strength, Mechanical behavior of materials
Abstract: Plastic waste is an ever increasing environmental problem. Biopolymers are biodegradable and are green alternatives for food packaging. However, these natural polymers are weak and very sensitive to water. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials provide an effective solution. This review briefly classify nanoparticles base on their dimensions chemical family and summarizes the role of 2D nanomaterials for improving biopolymer films for food packaging. Particularly MXenes, graphene oxide, molybdenum disulfide, layered double hydroxides and nanoclays are considered. These nanosheets pack into a tortuous diffusion path in the polymer matrix and also very effective at blocking oxygen and moisture. Moreover, mechanical strength as well as antimicrobial functions were enhanced with 2D nanomaterials doped bioplymers. We make a systematic comparison of recent studies of 2024 vs. 2025. MXenes and MoS2 show the best performance at ultra-low loadings (0.1–1.0 wt%) also provide fast barrier upgrades. Graphene oxide and LDHs need moderate loadings (0.5–3.0 wt%) and they are extreme oxygen blockers for sensitive foods. Natural clays are the most scalable and cost-effective option for mass production. The review also covers safety challenges and regulatory gaps. Life cycle assessments and standardised migration tests are still important. Further work is required to balance high performance, food safety and environmental sustainability. The goal of this review is to facilitate researchers in their choice of the most suitable 2D material for specific packaging applications. In the future, 2D nanomaterials will drive the development of next-generation smart and eco-friendly food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymer Bulletin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Two-dimensional nanomaterials in biodegradable food packaging: enhancing barrier properties, mechanical strength, and active functionality.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eskalen%2C+Hasan%22">Eskalen, Hasan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> eskalen@ksu.edu.tr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kavgacı%2C+Mustafa%22">Kavgacı, Mustafa</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yaykaşlı%2C+Hakan%22">Yaykaşlı, Hakan</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaya%2C+Sevim%22">Kaya, Sevim</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ceyhan%2C+Gökhan%22">Ceyhan, Gökhan</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kalmış%2C+Hacı+Veli%22">Kalmış, Hacı Veli</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baltacı%2C+Rabiye%22">Baltacı, Rabiye</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymer+Bulletin%22">Polymer Bulletin</searchLink>. Sep2026, Vol. 83 Issue 9, p1-41. 41p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Two-dimensional+materials+%28Nanotechnology%29%22">Two-dimensional materials (Nanotechnology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Food+packaging+design%22">Food packaging design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Molybdenum+disulfide%22">Molybdenum disulfide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MXenes%22">MXenes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene+oxide%22">Graphene oxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tensile+strength%22">Tensile strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Plastic waste is an ever increasing environmental problem. Biopolymers are biodegradable and are green alternatives for food packaging. However, these natural polymers are weak and very sensitive to water. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials provide an effective solution. This review briefly classify nanoparticles base on their dimensions chemical family and summarizes the role of 2D nanomaterials for improving biopolymer films for food packaging. Particularly MXenes, graphene oxide, molybdenum disulfide, layered double hydroxides and nanoclays are considered. These nanosheets pack into a tortuous diffusion path in the polymer matrix and also very effective at blocking oxygen and moisture. Moreover, mechanical strength as well as antimicrobial functions were enhanced with 2D nanomaterials doped bioplymers. We make a systematic comparison of recent studies of 2024 vs. 2025. MXenes and MoS2 show the best performance at ultra-low loadings (0.1–1.0 wt%) also provide fast barrier upgrades. Graphene oxide and LDHs need moderate loadings (0.5–3.0 wt%) and they are extreme oxygen blockers for sensitive foods. Natural clays are the most scalable and cost-effective option for mass production. The review also covers safety challenges and regulatory gaps. Life cycle assessments and standardised migration tests are still important. Further work is required to balance high performance, food safety and environmental sustainability. The goal of this review is to facilitate researchers in their choice of the most suitable 2D material for specific packaging applications. In the future, 2D nanomaterials will drive the development of next-generation smart and eco-friendly food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymer Bulletin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s00289-026-06542-y
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food packaging design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Molybdenum disulfide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: MXenes
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      – SubjectFull: Graphene oxide
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      – SubjectFull: Tensile strength
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      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
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              M: 09
              Text: Sep2026
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              Y: 2026
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