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Macromolecular synthesis by yeasts under frozen conditions.

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Title: Macromolecular synthesis by yeasts under frozen conditions.
Authors: Amato, Pierre1,2 pamato1@lsu.edu, Doyle, Shawn1, Christner, Brent C.1
Source: Environmental Microbiology. Mar2009, Vol. 11 Issue 3, p589-596. 8p. 1 Color Photograph, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs.
Subjects: Fungal ecology, Yeast, Ice crystals, Macromolecules, Metabolism, Saccharomyces, Microorganisms
Abstract: Although viable fungi have been recovered from a wide variety of icy environments, their metabolic capabilities under frozen conditions are still largely unknown. We investigated basidiomycetous yeasts isolated from an Antarctic ice core and showed that after freezing at a relatively slow rate (0.8°C min−1), the cells are excluded into veins of liquid at the triple junctions of ice crystals. These strains were capable of reproductive growth at −5°C under liquid conditions. Under frozen conditions, metabolic activity was assessed by measuring rates of [3H]leucine incorporation into the acid-insoluble macromolecular fraction, which decreased exponentially at temperatures between 15°C and −15°C and was inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Experiments at −5°C under frozen and liquid conditions revealed 2–3 orders of magnitude lower rates of endogenous metabolism in ice, likely due to the high salinity in the liquid fraction of the ice (equivalent of ≈ 1.4 mol l−1 of NaCl at −5°C). The mesophile Saccharomyces cerevisae also incorporated [3H]leucine at −5°C and −15°C, indicating that this activity is not exclusive to cold-adapted microorganisms. The ability of yeast cells to incorporate amino acid substrates into macromolecules and remain metabolically active under these conditions has implications for understanding the survival of Eukarya in icy environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Microbiology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Macromolecular synthesis by yeasts under frozen conditions.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amato%2C+Pierre%22">Amato, Pierre</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> pamato1@lsu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Doyle%2C+Shawn%22">Doyle, Shawn</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Christner%2C+Brent+C%2E%22">Christner, Brent C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Microbiology%22">Environmental Microbiology</searchLink>. Mar2009, Vol. 11 Issue 3, p589-596. 8p. 1 Color Photograph, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fungal+ecology%22">Fungal ecology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Yeast%22">Yeast</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ice+crystals%22">Ice crystals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Macromolecules%22">Macromolecules</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metabolism%22">Metabolism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Saccharomyces%22">Saccharomyces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microorganisms%22">Microorganisms</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Although viable fungi have been recovered from a wide variety of icy environments, their metabolic capabilities under frozen conditions are still largely unknown. We investigated basidiomycetous yeasts isolated from an Antarctic ice core and showed that after freezing at a relatively slow rate (0.8°C min−1), the cells are excluded into veins of liquid at the triple junctions of ice crystals. These strains were capable of reproductive growth at −5°C under liquid conditions. Under frozen conditions, metabolic activity was assessed by measuring rates of [3H]leucine incorporation into the acid-insoluble macromolecular fraction, which decreased exponentially at temperatures between 15°C and −15°C and was inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Experiments at −5°C under frozen and liquid conditions revealed 2–3 orders of magnitude lower rates of endogenous metabolism in ice, likely due to the high salinity in the liquid fraction of the ice (equivalent of ≈ 1.4 mol l−1 of NaCl at −5°C). The mesophile Saccharomyces cerevisae also incorporated [3H]leucine at −5°C and −15°C, indicating that this activity is not exclusive to cold-adapted microorganisms. The ability of yeast cells to incorporate amino acid substrates into macromolecules and remain metabolically active under these conditions has implications for understanding the survival of Eukarya in icy environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Microbiology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01829.x
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Yeast
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ice crystals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Macromolecules
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      – SubjectFull: Metabolism
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              Text: Mar2009
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