Temporal dynamics of blue and green virtual water trade networks.
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| Title: | Temporal dynamics of blue and green virtual water trade networks. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Konar, M.1 mkonar@princeton.edu, Dalin, C.1, Hanasaki, N.2, Rinaldo, A.3,4, Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.1 |
| Source: | Water Resources Research. Jul2012, Vol. 48 Issue 7, p1-11. 11p. |
| Subjects: | Fluid dynamics, Water supply, Food security, Opportunity costs, Business partnerships, Agricultural intensification |
| Abstract: | Global food security increasingly relies on the trade of food commodities. Freshwater resources are essential to agricultural production and are thus embodied in the trade of food commodities, referred to as "virtual water trade." Agricultural production predominantly relies on rainwater (i.e., "green water"), though irrigation (i.e., "blue water") does play an important role. These different sources of water have distinctly different opportunity costs, which may be reflected in the way these resources are traded. Thus, the temporal dynamics of the virtual water trade networks from these distinct water sources require characterization. We find that 42 x 109 m3 blue and 310 x 109 m3 green water was traded in 1986, growing to 78 x 109 m3 blue and 594 x 109 m3 green water traded in 2008. Three nations dominate the export of green water resources; the USA, Argentina, and Brazil. As a country increases its export trade partners it tends to export relatively more blue water. However, as a country increases its import trade partners it does not preferentially import water from a specific source. The amount of virtual water that a country imports by increasing its import trade partners has been decreasing over time, with the exception of the soy trade. Both blue and green virtual water networks are efficient: 119 x 109 m3 blue and 105 x 109 m3 green water were saved in 2008. Importantly, trade has been increasingly saving water over time, due to the intensification of crop trade on more water-efficient links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Water Resources Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 79683024 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Temporal dynamics of blue and green virtual water trade networks. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Konar%2C+M%2E%22">Konar, M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> mkonar@princeton.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dalin%2C+C%2E%22">Dalin, C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hanasaki%2C+N%2E%22">Hanasaki, N.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rinaldo%2C+A%2E%22">Rinaldo, A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rodriguez-Iturbe%2C+I%2E%22">Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Water+Resources+Research%22">Water Resources Research</searchLink>. Jul2012, Vol. 48 Issue 7, p1-11. 11p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluid+dynamics%22">Fluid dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+supply%22">Water supply</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Food+security%22">Food security</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Opportunity+costs%22">Opportunity costs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Business+partnerships%22">Business partnerships</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Agricultural+intensification%22">Agricultural intensification</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Global food security increasingly relies on the trade of food commodities. Freshwater resources are essential to agricultural production and are thus embodied in the trade of food commodities, referred to as "virtual water trade." Agricultural production predominantly relies on rainwater (i.e., "green water"), though irrigation (i.e., "blue water") does play an important role. These different sources of water have distinctly different opportunity costs, which may be reflected in the way these resources are traded. Thus, the temporal dynamics of the virtual water trade networks from these distinct water sources require characterization. We find that 42 x 109 m3 blue and 310 x 109 m3 green water was traded in 1986, growing to 78 x 109 m3 blue and 594 x 109 m3 green water traded in 2008. Three nations dominate the export of green water resources; the USA, Argentina, and Brazil. As a country increases its export trade partners it tends to export relatively more blue water. However, as a country increases its import trade partners it does not preferentially import water from a specific source. The amount of virtual water that a country imports by increasing its import trade partners has been decreasing over time, with the exception of the soy trade. Both blue and green virtual water networks are efficient: 119 x 109 m3 blue and 105 x 109 m3 green water were saved in 2008. Importantly, trade has been increasingly saving water over time, due to the intensification of crop trade on more water-efficient links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Water Resources Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1029/2012WR011959 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 11 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Fluid dynamics Type: general – SubjectFull: Water supply Type: general – SubjectFull: Food security Type: general – SubjectFull: Opportunity costs Type: general – SubjectFull: Business partnerships Type: general – SubjectFull: Agricultural intensification Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Temporal dynamics of blue and green virtual water trade networks. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Konar, M. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Dalin, C. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Hanasaki, N. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rinaldo, A. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 07 Text: Jul2012 Type: published Y: 2012 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00431397 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 48 – Type: issue Value: 7 Titles: – TitleFull: Water Resources Research Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
