Land use and climate control the spatial distribution of soil types in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia
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| Title: | Land use and climate control the spatial distribution of soil types in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia |
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| Authors: | Barthold, F.K.1 fkbarthold@gmail.com, Wiesmeier, M.2, Breuer, L.1, Frede, H.-G.1, Wu, J.1,3, Blank, F.B.1 |
| Source: | Journal of Arid Environments. Jan2013, Vol. 88, p194-205. 12p. |
| Subjects: | Grasslands, Land use, Environmental engineering, Soil mapping, Radio frequency, Geology, Climate change |
| Geographic Terms: | Inner Mongolia (China), China |
| Abstract: | Abstract: The spatial distribution of soil types is controlled by a set of environmental factors such as climate, organisms, parent material and topography as well as time and space. A change of these factors will lead to a change in the spatial distribution of soil types. In this study, we use a digital soil mapping approach to improve our knowledge about major soil type distributing factors in the steppe regions of Inner Mongolia (China) which currently undergo tremendous environmental change, e.g. climate and land use change. We use Random Forests in an effort to map Reference Soil Groups according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) in the Xilin River catchment. We benefit from the superior prediction capabilities of RF and additional interpretive results in order to identify the major environmental factors that control spatial patterns of soil types. The nine WRB soil groups that were identified and spatially predicted for the study area are Arenosol, Calcisol, Cambisol, Chernozem, Cryosol, Gleysol, Kastanozem, Phaeozem and Regosol. Model and prediction performances of the RF model are high with an Out-of-Bag error of 51.6% for the model and a misclassification error for the predicted map of 28.9%. The main controlling factors of soil type distribution are land use, a set of topographic variables, geology and climate. However, land use and climate are of major importance and topography and geology are of minor importance. The visualizations of the predictions, the variable importance measures as result of RF and the comparisons of these with the spatial distribution of the environmental factors delivered additional, quantitative information of these controlling factors and revealed that intensively grazed areas are subjected to soil degradation. However, most of the area is still governed by natural soil forming processes which are driven by climate, topography and geology. Most importantly though, our study revealed that a shift towards warmer temperatures and lower precipitation regimes will lead to a change of the spatial distribution of RSGs towards steppe soils that store less carbon, i.e. a decrease of spatial extent of Phaeozems and an increase of spatial extent of Chernozems and Kastanozems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] |
| Copyright of Journal of Arid Environments is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 83328104 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Land use and climate control the spatial distribution of soil types in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barthold%2C+F%2EK%2E%22">Barthold, F.K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> fkbarthold@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wiesmeier%2C+M%2E%22">Wiesmeier, M.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Breuer%2C+L%2E%22">Breuer, L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Frede%2C+H%2E-G%2E%22">Frede, H.-G.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+J%2E%22">Wu, J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Blank%2C+F%2EB%2E%22">Blank, F.B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Arid+Environments%22">Journal of Arid Environments</searchLink>. Jan2013, Vol. 88, p194-205. 12p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grasslands%22">Grasslands</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Land+use%22">Land use</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+engineering%22">Environmental engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+mapping%22">Soil mapping</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radio+frequency%22">Radio frequency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geology%22">Geology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Climate+change%22">Climate change</searchLink> – Name: SubjectGeographic Label: Geographic Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inner+Mongolia+%28China%29%22">Inner Mongolia (China)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Abstract: The spatial distribution of soil types is controlled by a set of environmental factors such as climate, organisms, parent material and topography as well as time and space. A change of these factors will lead to a change in the spatial distribution of soil types. In this study, we use a digital soil mapping approach to improve our knowledge about major soil type distributing factors in the steppe regions of Inner Mongolia (China) which currently undergo tremendous environmental change, e.g. climate and land use change. We use Random Forests in an effort to map Reference Soil Groups according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) in the Xilin River catchment. We benefit from the superior prediction capabilities of RF and additional interpretive results in order to identify the major environmental factors that control spatial patterns of soil types. The nine WRB soil groups that were identified and spatially predicted for the study area are Arenosol, Calcisol, Cambisol, Chernozem, Cryosol, Gleysol, Kastanozem, Phaeozem and Regosol. Model and prediction performances of the RF model are high with an Out-of-Bag error of 51.6% for the model and a misclassification error for the predicted map of 28.9%. The main controlling factors of soil type distribution are land use, a set of topographic variables, geology and climate. However, land use and climate are of major importance and topography and geology are of minor importance. The visualizations of the predictions, the variable importance measures as result of RF and the comparisons of these with the spatial distribution of the environmental factors delivered additional, quantitative information of these controlling factors and revealed that intensively grazed areas are subjected to soil degradation. However, most of the area is still governed by natural soil forming processes which are driven by climate, topography and geology. Most importantly though, our study revealed that a shift towards warmer temperatures and lower precipitation regimes will lead to a change of the spatial distribution of RSGs towards steppe soils that store less carbon, i.e. a decrease of spatial extent of Phaeozems and an increase of spatial extent of Chernozems and Kastanozems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Arid Environments is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.08.004 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 12 StartPage: 194 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Grasslands Type: general – SubjectFull: Land use Type: general – SubjectFull: Environmental engineering Type: general – SubjectFull: Soil mapping Type: general – SubjectFull: Radio frequency Type: general – SubjectFull: Geology Type: general – SubjectFull: Climate change Type: general – SubjectFull: Inner Mongolia (China) Type: general – SubjectFull: China Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Land use and climate control the spatial distribution of soil types in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Barthold, F.K. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Wiesmeier, M. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Breuer, L. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Frede, H.-G. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Wu, J. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Blank, F.B. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 01 Text: Jan2013 Type: published Y: 2013 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 01401963 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 88 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of Arid Environments Type: main |
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