Which drugs are associated with highest risk for being arrested for driving under the influence? A case-control study.
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| Title: | Which drugs are associated with highest risk for being arrested for driving under the influence? A case-control study. |
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| Authors: | Tore Bogstrand, Stig1,2,3 stigtore.bogstrand@fhi.no, Gjerde, Hallvard1 |
| Source: | Forensic Science International. 2014, Vol. 240, p21-28. 8p. |
| Subjects: | Drugged driving, Traffic accidents, Case-control method, Arrest, Road users, Psychiatric drugs |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study was to determine the association between drug type and arrest for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) by calculating odds ratios (ORs) using a case-control design. A DUID arrest is inmost cases related to aberrant or risky driving andmight therefore be regarded as a proxy for a drug related traffic crash. The 'cases' were 2738 drivers arrested on suspicion of drugged driving from April 2008 to March 2009 with blood alcohol concentrations below the legal limit of 0.2 g/L; 794 were arrested due to involvement in road traffic crashes, whereas 1944 were arrested for other reasons, mainly dangerous driving, suspected impairment when stopped in traffic controls, or because of phone calls to the police from other road users or observers. The 'controls' were 9375 random drivers in normal traffic, also with alcohol concentrations below this limit. Blood samples from 'cases' and oral fluid samples from 'controls' were analyzed for 15 drugs that have legislative concentration limits in Norway, in addition to two other commonly detected psychoactive drugs. The most prevalent illicit drug in the control group was tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.58%), which was also commonly found in samples from drivers arrested due to road crash (15.6%) or arrested for other reasons (21.8%). Amphetamine/methamphetamine was most prevalent among arrested drivers involved in crashes (30.6%) and drivers arrested for other reasons (56.9%), whereas only 0.18% of the control group was positive for amphetamine/ methamphetamine. The single-use substances which gave highest OR for police arrest were amphetamine/methamphetamine, alprazolam, clonazepam and oxazepam. The majority of the alprazolam and clonazepam findings were probably due to non-therapeutic use of medicinal drugs purchased on the illegal market. Combinations of two or more drugs yielded higher ORs than the use of single substances; combinations of amphetamine/methamphetamine and benzodiazepines gave the highest risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Forensic Science International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 96335176 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Which drugs are associated with highest risk for being arrested for driving under the influence? A case-control study. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tore+Bogstrand%2C+Stig%22">Tore Bogstrand, Stig</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo><i> stigtore.bogstrand@fhi.no</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gjerde%2C+Hallvard%22">Gjerde, Hallvard</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Forensic+Science+International%22">Forensic Science International</searchLink>. 2014, Vol. 240, p21-28. 8p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drugged+driving%22">Drugged driving</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Traffic+accidents%22">Traffic accidents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Case-control+method%22">Case-control method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Arrest%22">Arrest</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Road+users%22">Road users</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychiatric+drugs%22">Psychiatric drugs</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The aim of this study was to determine the association between drug type and arrest for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) by calculating odds ratios (ORs) using a case-control design. A DUID arrest is inmost cases related to aberrant or risky driving andmight therefore be regarded as a proxy for a drug related traffic crash. The 'cases' were 2738 drivers arrested on suspicion of drugged driving from April 2008 to March 2009 with blood alcohol concentrations below the legal limit of 0.2 g/L; 794 were arrested due to involvement in road traffic crashes, whereas 1944 were arrested for other reasons, mainly dangerous driving, suspected impairment when stopped in traffic controls, or because of phone calls to the police from other road users or observers. The 'controls' were 9375 random drivers in normal traffic, also with alcohol concentrations below this limit. Blood samples from 'cases' and oral fluid samples from 'controls' were analyzed for 15 drugs that have legislative concentration limits in Norway, in addition to two other commonly detected psychoactive drugs. The most prevalent illicit drug in the control group was tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.58%), which was also commonly found in samples from drivers arrested due to road crash (15.6%) or arrested for other reasons (21.8%). Amphetamine/methamphetamine was most prevalent among arrested drivers involved in crashes (30.6%) and drivers arrested for other reasons (56.9%), whereas only 0.18% of the control group was positive for amphetamine/ methamphetamine. The single-use substances which gave highest OR for police arrest were amphetamine/methamphetamine, alprazolam, clonazepam and oxazepam. The majority of the alprazolam and clonazepam findings were probably due to non-therapeutic use of medicinal drugs purchased on the illegal market. Combinations of two or more drugs yielded higher ORs than the use of single substances; combinations of amphetamine/methamphetamine and benzodiazepines gave the highest risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Forensic Science International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.027 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 8 StartPage: 21 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Drugged driving Type: general – SubjectFull: Traffic accidents Type: general – SubjectFull: Case-control method Type: general – SubjectFull: Arrest Type: general – SubjectFull: Road users Type: general – SubjectFull: Psychiatric drugs Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Which drugs are associated with highest risk for being arrested for driving under the influence? A case-control study. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Tore Bogstrand, Stig – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Gjerde, Hallvard IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 07 Text: 2014 Type: published Y: 2014 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 03790738 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 240 Titles: – TitleFull: Forensic Science International Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
