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Children's Drawing and Graphic Development: An Empirical Study of the Developmental Stages According to Lowenfeld.

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Title: Children's Drawing and Graphic Development: An Empirical Study of the Developmental Stages According to Lowenfeld.
Authors: Gil-Ruiz, Paula1 (AUTHOR), Martinez-Verez, Victoria2 (AUTHOR) vita.martinez@uva.es, Ospina Toro, William3 (AUTHOR), Castañeda Marulanda, Walter1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Education Sciences. Jun2025, Vol. 15 Issue 6, p681. 18p.
Subject Terms: Cross-cultural studies, Social processes, Chi-squared test, Age of onset, Descriptive statistics
Abstract: Children's graphic development reflects cognitive, emotional, motor and social processes, and is an indicator of the infant's integral development. This study analyzed the validity of Viktor Lowenfeld's developmental model in children aged 3 to 5 years, assessing whether the stages proposed by the author correspond to the patterns of graphic representation currently observed. A mixed design with a descriptive–comparative approach was used. The sample consisted of 218 drawings collected in educational centers in Madrid. Each drawing was evaluated according to criteria derived from Lowenfeld's model (stroke, motor control, symbolism, use of color, spatial organization) and classified into one of the five developmental stages. The analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests (χ2 = 104.92, gl = 10, p < 0.0001), and Spearman correlations (ρ = 0.661, p < 0.0001), in addition to qualitative interpretation by inter-rater consensus. The results confirm that the general graphic sequence follows Lowenfeld's scheme, but with notable variations in the age of onset of each stage. Pre-schematic manifestations were observed in children as young as 3 years old and persistence of scribbling in some 5-year-olds. These findings point to the influence of individual, sociocultural, and technological factors on the rate of graphic development. Lowenfeld's model remains a valid framework for observing children's drawing, but its application should be flexible. Interindividual differences and contemporary visual culture require a pedagogical adaptation that addresses the diversity of developmental rhythms. Its integration with inclusive methodologies and future cross-cultural studies is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Education Sciences is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Education+Sciences%22&quot;&gt;Education Sciences&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jun2025, Vol. 15 Issue 6, p681. 18p.
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  Data: Children&#39;s graphic development reflects cognitive, emotional, motor and social processes, and is an indicator of the infant&#39;s integral development. This study analyzed the validity of Viktor Lowenfeld&#39;s developmental model in children aged 3 to 5 years, assessing whether the stages proposed by the author correspond to the patterns of graphic representation currently observed. A mixed design with a descriptive–comparative approach was used. The sample consisted of 218 drawings collected in educational centers in Madrid. Each drawing was evaluated according to criteria derived from Lowenfeld&#39;s model (stroke, motor control, symbolism, use of color, spatial organization) and classified into one of the five developmental stages. The analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests (χ2 = 104.92, gl = 10, p &lt; 0.0001), and Spearman correlations (ρ = 0.661, p &lt; 0.0001), in addition to qualitative interpretation by inter-rater consensus. The results confirm that the general graphic sequence follows Lowenfeld&#39;s scheme, but with notable variations in the age of onset of each stage. Pre-schematic manifestations were observed in children as young as 3 years old and persistence of scribbling in some 5-year-olds. These findings point to the influence of individual, sociocultural, and technological factors on the rate of graphic development. Lowenfeld&#39;s model remains a valid framework for observing children&#39;s drawing, but its application should be flexible. Interindividual differences and contemporary visual culture require a pedagogical adaptation that addresses the diversity of developmental rhythms. Its integration with inclusive methodologies and future cross-cultural studies is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Education Sciences is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              Text: Jun2025
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