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Investigating Socioeconomic Disparities in Park Access Across Two Southeastern US Cities Using a Unique Park Metric: An Ecological Analysis.

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Title: Investigating Socioeconomic Disparities in Park Access Across Two Southeastern US Cities Using a Unique Park Metric: An Ecological Analysis.
Authors: Kaczynski, Andrew T.1,2 (AUTHOR) atkaczyn@mailbox.sc.edu, Wende, Marilyn E.3 (AUTHOR), Schipperijn, Jasper4 (AUTHOR), Hughey, S. Morgan5 (AUTHOR), Stowe, Ellen W.1 (AUTHOR), Hipp, J. Aaron6,7 (AUTHOR), Hesam Shariati, Farnaz1 (AUTHOR), Koohsari, Mohammad Javad8,9,10 (AUTHOR)
Source: American Journal of Health Promotion. May2026, Vol. 40 Issue 4, p407-413. 7p.
Subject Terms: *Economic status, Park use, Environmental justice, Regional disparities, Ethnicity, Population density, Socioeconomic disparities in health
Geographic Terms: Greenville (S.C.), North Carolina, Raleigh (N.C.)
Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed to demonstrate how ParkIndex values can be used to examine issues related to composite park access, and to investigate whether ParkIndex scores for block groups were significantly different by income, race/ethnicity, and population density. Design: Cross-sectional, environmental justice analysis of spatial disparities. Setting: Greenville County, South Carolina, and Raleigh, North Carolina. Subjects: Park access and quality data were collected for a total of 507 block groups across the study setting. Measures: For all study block groups, we empirically derived a multi-dimensional park access metric called ParkIndex representing the probability of park use based on three park availability and quality indicators. Block group median household income, race/ethnicity, and population density were obtained from the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey. Analysis: Choropleth maps were used to juxtapose ParkIndex values and neighborhood sociodemographic attributes. Analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in ParkIndex values by multiple sociodemographic variables. Results: No significant differences in ParkIndex values were found by median household income (F = 0.15, P =.86), percent non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity (F = 0.22, P =.80), or population density (F = 0.70, P =.50). Conclusion: The current study contributes to the fast-growing body of literature examining whether access to quality parks is equitably distributed in diverse locations. Future research can investigate the utility and generalizability of this composite metric to identify and mitigate potential environmental injustices and health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of American Journal of Health Promotion is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Investigating Socioeconomic Disparities in Park Access Across Two Southeastern US Cities Using a Unique Park Metric: An Ecological Analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaczynski%2C+Andrew+T%2E%22">Kaczynski, Andrew T.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> atkaczyn@mailbox.sc.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wende%2C+Marilyn+E%2E%22">Wende, Marilyn E.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schipperijn%2C+Jasper%22">Schipperijn, Jasper</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hughey%2C+S%2E+Morgan%22">Hughey, S. Morgan</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stowe%2C+Ellen+W%2E%22">Stowe, Ellen W.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hipp%2C+J%2E+Aaron%22">Hipp, J. Aaron</searchLink><relatesTo>6,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hesam+Shariati%2C+Farnaz%22">Hesam Shariati, Farnaz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Koohsari%2C+Mohammad+Javad%22">Koohsari, Mohammad Javad</searchLink><relatesTo>8,9,10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22American+Journal+of+Health+Promotion%22">American Journal of Health Promotion</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 40 Issue 4, p407-413. 7p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Economic+status%22">Economic status</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Park+use%22">Park use</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+justice%22">Environmental justice</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regional+disparities%22">Regional disparities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnicity%22">Ethnicity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Population+density%22">Population density</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+disparities+in+health%22">Socioeconomic disparities in health</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Greenville+%28S%2EC%2E%29%22">Greenville (S.C.)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22North+Carolina%22">North Carolina</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Raleigh+%28N%2EC%2E%29%22">Raleigh (N.C.)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: This study aimed to demonstrate how ParkIndex values can be used to examine issues related to composite park access, and to investigate whether ParkIndex scores for block groups were significantly different by income, race/ethnicity, and population density. Design: Cross-sectional, environmental justice analysis of spatial disparities. Setting: Greenville County, South Carolina, and Raleigh, North Carolina. Subjects: Park access and quality data were collected for a total of 507 block groups across the study setting. Measures: For all study block groups, we empirically derived a multi-dimensional park access metric called ParkIndex representing the probability of park use based on three park availability and quality indicators. Block group median household income, race/ethnicity, and population density were obtained from the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey. Analysis: Choropleth maps were used to juxtapose ParkIndex values and neighborhood sociodemographic attributes. Analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in ParkIndex values by multiple sociodemographic variables. Results: No significant differences in ParkIndex values were found by median household income (F = 0.15, P =.86), percent non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity (F = 0.22, P =.80), or population density (F = 0.70, P =.50). Conclusion: The current study contributes to the fast-growing body of literature examining whether access to quality parks is equitably distributed in diverse locations. Future research can investigate the utility and generalizability of this composite metric to identify and mitigate potential environmental injustices and health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of American Journal of Health Promotion is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1177/08901171251380848
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 7
        StartPage: 407
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Economic status
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Park use
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental justice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Regional disparities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ethnicity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Population density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Socioeconomic disparities in health
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Greenville (S.C.)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: North Carolina
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Raleigh (N.C.)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Investigating Socioeconomic Disparities in Park Access Across Two Southeastern US Cities Using a Unique Park Metric: An Ecological Analysis.
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              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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