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Comparing Semantic and Phonemic Fluency Performance in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.

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Title: Comparing Semantic and Phonemic Fluency Performance in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.
Authors: Gkalitsiou, Zoi1 zoi.gkalitsiou@csueastbay.edu, Werle, Danielle2
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. Apr2026, Vol. 69 Issue 4, p1455-1468. 14p.
Subject Terms: *Data analysis, *Stuttering, *Intelligibility of speech, *Audiometry, *Adults, Executive function, Descriptive statistics, Sound recordings, Statistics, Semantics, Phonetics, Data analysis software, Video recording
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigated lexical access and executive control in adults who do (AWS) and do not stutter (AWNS) via phonemic and semantic fluency tasks. Analysis of the participants' accurate responses, as well as clustering (i.e., organization of responses into subgroups) and switching (i.e., shifting between subgroups), provided insight into which processes (e.g., word storage, strategic search) are particularly challenging for AWS and contribute to their diminished lexical access abilities. Method: Thirty-two AWS and 32 well-matched AWNS generated as many words as possible in 60 s, which began with a specific letter of the alphabet (i.e., F, A, and S) or belonged to a specific semantic category (e.g., animals, supermarket). Results: Mixed-effects model analyses revealed that AWS produced significantly fewer accurate responses than AWNS did in phonemic fluency but not in semantic. No differences in clustering were found between the two groups. Lastly, AWS had significantly fewer switches than AWNS did. Conclusions: Poorer performance in phonemic fluency and fewer switches suggest weaker lexical access for phonological information and executive control abilities in AWS compared to AWNS. The lack of between-group differences in semantic fluency and clustering suggests that word storage and organization of long-term memory seem intact in AWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Comparing Semantic and Phonemic Fluency Performance in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gkalitsiou%2C+Zoi%22">Gkalitsiou, Zoi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> zoi.gkalitsiou@csueastbay.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Werle%2C+Danielle%22">Werle, Danielle</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis%22">Data analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stuttering%22">Stuttering</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intelligibility+of+speech%22">Intelligibility of speech</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Audiometry%22">Audiometry</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adults%22">Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Executive+function%22">Executive function</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sound+recordings%22">Sound recordings</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Semantics%22">Semantics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonetics%22">Phonetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Video+recording%22">Video recording</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: This study investigated lexical access and executive control in adults who do (AWS) and do not stutter (AWNS) via phonemic and semantic fluency tasks. Analysis of the participants' accurate responses, as well as clustering (i.e., organization of responses into subgroups) and switching (i.e., shifting between subgroups), provided insight into which processes (e.g., word storage, strategic search) are particularly challenging for AWS and contribute to their diminished lexical access abilities. Method: Thirty-two AWS and 32 well-matched AWNS generated as many words as possible in 60 s, which began with a specific letter of the alphabet (i.e., F, A, and S) or belonged to a specific semantic category (e.g., animals, supermarket). Results: Mixed-effects model analyses revealed that AWS produced significantly fewer accurate responses than AWNS did in phonemic fluency but not in semantic. No differences in clustering were found between the two groups. Lastly, AWS had significantly fewer switches than AWNS did. Conclusions: Poorer performance in phonemic fluency and fewer switches suggest weaker lexical access for phonological information and executive control abilities in AWS compared to AWNS. The lack of between-group differences in semantic fluency and clustering suggests that word storage and organization of long-term memory seem intact in AWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00437
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stuttering
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      – SubjectFull: Intelligibility of speech
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      – SubjectFull: Audiometry
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      – SubjectFull: Sound recordings
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      – SubjectFull: Statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
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      – SubjectFull: Video recording
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Comparing Semantic and Phonemic Fluency Performance in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.
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              Text: Apr2026
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              Y: 2026
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