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Information Load Predicts Stuttering Events.

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Title: Information Load Predicts Stuttering Events.
Authors: Warner, Haley J.1 Haley.Warner@nyu.edu, Ratner, Nan Bernstein2, Jackson, Eric S.1
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. Apr2026, Vol. 69 Issue 4, p1554-1567. 14p.
Subject Terms: *Speech evaluation, *Data analysis, *Stuttering, *Speech-language pathology, *Comparative studies, *Language acquisition, *People with disabilities, *Evaluation, Pearson correlation (Statistics), Statistical models, Receiver operating characteristic curves, Questionnaires, Interviewing, Logistic regression analysis, Severity of illness index, Descriptive statistics, Psycholinguistics, Linguistics, Statistics, Conceptual structures, Data analysis software, Semantics, Phonetics
Abstract: Purpose: One potential contributor to the variability of stuttering events is information load, quantified by assessing word predictability based on preceding context. This study investigated whether words with greater information load are more likely to be stuttered using word surprisal as an index while controlling for relevant linguistic variables. We also examined whether this relationship varied with stuttering severity and impact. Method: We analyzed spontaneous speech samples from 35 adults who stutter, drawn from the FluencyBank corpus. Word surprisal values were computed using the Generative Pretrained Transformer 2 large language model and analyses controlled for six linguistic predictors of stuttering. We also tested whether clinical measures of stuttering severity and overall impact predicted individuals' sensitivity to surprisal. Results: Higher word surprisal significantly increased the likelihood of stuttering, even after controlling for linguistic covariates. However, we found no evidence that stuttering severity or overall impact moderated this relationship. Conclusions: These findings suggest that words with greater information load are more likely to elicit stuttering during spontaneous speech. This pattern may reflect increased communicative demands associated with high-surprisal words. The absence of a moderating effect of stuttering severity or impact may indicate that individual differences in coping with communicative pressure, rather than clinical severity alone, shape stuttering variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Information Load Predicts Stuttering Events.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Warner%2C+Haley+J%2E%22">Warner, Haley J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> Haley.Warner@nyu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ratner%2C+Nan+Bernstein%22">Ratner, Nan Bernstein</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jackson%2C+Eric+S%2E%22">Jackson, Eric S.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 69 Issue 4, p1554-1567. 14p.
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  Data: Purpose: One potential contributor to the variability of stuttering events is information load, quantified by assessing word predictability based on preceding context. This study investigated whether words with greater information load are more likely to be stuttered using word surprisal as an index while controlling for relevant linguistic variables. We also examined whether this relationship varied with stuttering severity and impact. Method: We analyzed spontaneous speech samples from 35 adults who stutter, drawn from the FluencyBank corpus. Word surprisal values were computed using the Generative Pretrained Transformer 2 large language model and analyses controlled for six linguistic predictors of stuttering. We also tested whether clinical measures of stuttering severity and overall impact predicted individuals' sensitivity to surprisal. Results: Higher word surprisal significantly increased the likelihood of stuttering, even after controlling for linguistic covariates. However, we found no evidence that stuttering severity or overall impact moderated this relationship. Conclusions: These findings suggest that words with greater information load are more likely to elicit stuttering during spontaneous speech. This pattern may reflect increased communicative demands associated with high-surprisal words. The absence of a moderating effect of stuttering severity or impact may indicate that individual differences in coping with communicative pressure, rather than clinical severity alone, shape stuttering variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=192982177
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-00833
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
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      – SubjectFull: Speech evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stuttering
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      – SubjectFull: Speech-language pathology
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      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
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      – SubjectFull: Language acquisition
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      – SubjectFull: People with disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pearson correlation (Statistics)
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical models
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      – SubjectFull: Receiver operating characteristic curves
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      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
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      – SubjectFull: Semantics
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      – SubjectFull: Phonetics
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      – TitleFull: Information Load Predicts Stuttering Events.
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              Text: Apr2026
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              Y: 2026
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