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Glottal Area Waveform Measurements for Healthy Female and Male Speakers in Typical, High-Frequency, and Soft Phonation.

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Title: Glottal Area Waveform Measurements for Healthy Female and Male Speakers in Typical, High-Frequency, and Soft Phonation.
Authors: Patel, Rita R.1 patelrir@iu.edu, Zhang, Zhaoyan2, Döllinger, Michael3, Adeola, Andrew4, Kniesburges, Stefan3
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. May2026, Vol. 69 Issue 5, p2067-2082. 16p.
Subject Terms: *Data analysis, *Universities & colleges, *Speech evaluation, *Comparative studies, *Factor analysis, *Adults, Vocal cord physiology, Task performance, Research funding, Kinematics, Sex distribution, Scientific observation, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann Whitney U Test, Descriptive statistics, Musical perception, Physiological aspects of speech, Laryngoscopy, Analysis of variance, Statistics, Human voice, Data analysis software, Glottis, Video recording, Musical pitch
Geographic Terms: Indiana, Kentucky
Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed to examine vocal fold kinematic characteristics associated with typical-frequency and vocal-intensity, high-frequency, and softintensity phonation in vocally healthy adults. Method: Glottal area waveform (GAW) was measured from high-speed videoendoscopy in a total of 66 adults (41 women and 25 men) during sustained /i:/ production across the three tasks, resulting in a total of 594 phonations. Statistical analysis of glottal cycle quotients (open quotient [OQ], speed quotient [SQ], rate quotient [RQ], glottal gap index [GGI]), glottal cycle periodicity (amplitude, time periodicity [TP]), glottal cycle symmetry (phase asymmetry index, spatial symmetry index, amplitude symmetry index), normalized maximum area declination rate (MADRn), and amplitude-to-length ratio (ALR) was conducted. Principal component analysis was used to identify laryngeal strategies underlying the three tasks. Results: High frequency and soft intensity resulted in changes in SQ, RQ, MADRn, and ALR in female participants, whereas in male participants, they impacted OQ, RQ, GGI, TP, MADRn, and ALR. High-frequency phonation is primarily achieved through increased cricothyroid muscle activity, while soft intensity is primarily achieved by reduced vocal fold adduction and subglottal pressure with compensatory cricothyroid activation. Conclusion: High-frequency and soft-intensity phonations involve distinct laryngeal adjustments and clinically measurable, sex-dependent changes in GAW, highlighting the need to tailor voice therapy to physiological strategies and sexbased differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Glottal Area Waveform Measurements for Healthy Female and Male Speakers in Typical, High-Frequency, and Soft Phonation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Patel%2C+Rita+R%2E%22">Patel, Rita R.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> patelrir@iu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Zhaoyan%22">Zhang, Zhaoyan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Döllinger%2C+Michael%22">Döllinger, Michael</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adeola%2C+Andrew%22">Adeola, Andrew</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kniesburges%2C+Stefan%22">Kniesburges, Stefan</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 69 Issue 5, p2067-2082. 16p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis%22">Data analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Universities+%26+colleges%22">Universities & colleges</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech+evaluation%22">Speech evaluation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comparative+studies%22">Comparative studies</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Factor+analysis%22">Factor analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adults%22">Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vocal+cord+physiology%22">Vocal cord physiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Task+performance%22">Task performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kinematics%22">Kinematics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+distribution%22">Sex distribution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scientific+observation%22">Scientific observation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kruskal-Wallis+Test%22">Kruskal-Wallis Test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mann+Whitney+U+Test%22">Mann Whitney U Test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Musical+perception%22">Musical perception</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiological+aspects+of+speech%22">Physiological aspects of speech</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laryngoscopy%22">Laryngoscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Analysis+of+variance%22">Analysis of variance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Human+voice%22">Human voice</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glottis%22">Glottis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Video+recording%22">Video recording</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Musical+pitch%22">Musical pitch</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indiana%22">Indiana</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kentucky%22">Kentucky</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: This study aimed to examine vocal fold kinematic characteristics associated with typical-frequency and vocal-intensity, high-frequency, and softintensity phonation in vocally healthy adults. Method: Glottal area waveform (GAW) was measured from high-speed videoendoscopy in a total of 66 adults (41 women and 25 men) during sustained /i:/ production across the three tasks, resulting in a total of 594 phonations. Statistical analysis of glottal cycle quotients (open quotient [OQ], speed quotient [SQ], rate quotient [RQ], glottal gap index [GGI]), glottal cycle periodicity (amplitude, time periodicity [TP]), glottal cycle symmetry (phase asymmetry index, spatial symmetry index, amplitude symmetry index), normalized maximum area declination rate (MADRn), and amplitude-to-length ratio (ALR) was conducted. Principal component analysis was used to identify laryngeal strategies underlying the three tasks. Results: High frequency and soft intensity resulted in changes in SQ, RQ, MADRn, and ALR in female participants, whereas in male participants, they impacted OQ, RQ, GGI, TP, MADRn, and ALR. High-frequency phonation is primarily achieved through increased cricothyroid muscle activity, while soft intensity is primarily achieved by reduced vocal fold adduction and subglottal pressure with compensatory cricothyroid activation. Conclusion: High-frequency and soft-intensity phonations involve distinct laryngeal adjustments and clinically measurable, sex-dependent changes in GAW, highlighting the need to tailor voice therapy to physiological strategies and sexbased differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-00611
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 2067
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      – SubjectFull: Data analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Universities & colleges
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speech evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
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      – SubjectFull: Factor analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Adults
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      – SubjectFull: Vocal cord physiology
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      – SubjectFull: Task performance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kinematics
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      – SubjectFull: Sex distribution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scientific observation
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      – SubjectFull: Kruskal-Wallis Test
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      – SubjectFull: Mann Whitney U Test
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      – SubjectFull: Musical perception
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      – SubjectFull: Indiana
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      – SubjectFull: Kentucky
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      – TitleFull: Glottal Area Waveform Measurements for Healthy Female and Male Speakers in Typical, High-Frequency, and Soft Phonation.
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              Text: May2026
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