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Form and Sound Activation in First Language During Second Language Word Recognition.

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Title: Form and Sound Activation in First Language During Second Language Word Recognition.
Authors: Shen, Wei1,2,3 kate2009dx@sina.com, Cai, Zhenyan1,2,3, Lyu, Siyu1,2,3, Tong, Xiuhong4
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. Jun2026, Vol. 69 Issue 6, p2534-2548. 15p.
Subject Terms: *Communicative competence, *Phonological awareness, *Multilingualism, *English as a foreign language, *Language acquisition, *Phonology, Task performance, Eye movement measurements
Abstract: Purpose: This study examined whether Chinese-English bilinguals activated orthographic and phonological representations from their first language (L1; Chinese) lexicon during second language (L2; English) processing, and how L2 proficiency modulated this process. Method: The current study involved 71 Chinese-English bilinguals: 40 with low L2 proficiency and 31 with high L2 proficiency. Using the visual-world paradigm, participants listened to an L2 word (e.g., "chair," Chinese translation: "椅" /yi3/) while viewing three images: a target, a competitor, and a distractor. In the orthographic condition, the competitor's Chinese name shared a radical with the Chinese translation of the English word (e.g., "桥" /qiao2/). In the phonological condition, the competitor's pronunciation matched that of the Chinese translation (e.g., "蚁" /yi3/). The task was to click on the target image. Results: Both low- and high-proficiency Chinese-English bilinguals exhibited significant competition effects in orthographic and phonological conditions, with higher fixation probability on phonological/orthographic competitors compared to distractors. The orthographic competition effect occurred earlier for low-proficiency bilinguals but later for high-proficiency bilinguals. Both groups showed an earlier phonological competition effect and high-proficiency bilinguals also exhibited a later phase of phonological activation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that Chinese-English bilinguals activate both orthographic and phonological representations from their L1 lexicon during L2 word processing. Although both low- and high-proficiency bilinguals showed nonselective cross-language coactivation, the timing of orthographic and phonological activation varied with L2 proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Form and Sound Activation in First Language During Second Language Word Recognition.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shen%2C+Wei%22">Shen, Wei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo><i> kate2009dx@sina.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cai%2C+Zhenyan%22">Cai, Zhenyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lyu%2C+Siyu%22">Lyu, Siyu</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tong%2C+Xiuhong%22">Tong, Xiuhong</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 69 Issue 6, p2534-2548. 15p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Communicative+competence%22">Communicative competence</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonological+awareness%22">Phonological awareness</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multilingualism%22">Multilingualism</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22English+as+a+foreign+language%22">English as a foreign language</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+acquisition%22">Language acquisition</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonology%22">Phonology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Task+performance%22">Task performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Eye+movement+measurements%22">Eye movement measurements</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: This study examined whether Chinese-English bilinguals activated orthographic and phonological representations from their first language (L1; Chinese) lexicon during second language (L2; English) processing, and how L2 proficiency modulated this process. Method: The current study involved 71 Chinese-English bilinguals: 40 with low L2 proficiency and 31 with high L2 proficiency. Using the visual-world paradigm, participants listened to an L2 word (e.g., "chair," Chinese translation: "椅" /yi3/) while viewing three images: a target, a competitor, and a distractor. In the orthographic condition, the competitor's Chinese name shared a radical with the Chinese translation of the English word (e.g., "桥" /qiao2/). In the phonological condition, the competitor's pronunciation matched that of the Chinese translation (e.g., "蚁" /yi3/). The task was to click on the target image. Results: Both low- and high-proficiency Chinese-English bilinguals exhibited significant competition effects in orthographic and phonological conditions, with higher fixation probability on phonological/orthographic competitors compared to distractors. The orthographic competition effect occurred earlier for low-proficiency bilinguals but later for high-proficiency bilinguals. Both groups showed an earlier phonological competition effect and high-proficiency bilinguals also exhibited a later phase of phonological activation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that Chinese-English bilinguals activate both orthographic and phonological representations from their L1 lexicon during L2 word processing. Although both low- and high-proficiency bilinguals showed nonselective cross-language coactivation, the timing of orthographic and phonological activation varied with L2 proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=194600810
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        Value: 10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-00247
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Multilingualism
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      – SubjectFull: English as a foreign language
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      – SubjectFull: Phonology
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      – SubjectFull: Task performance
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      – SubjectFull: Eye movement measurements
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      – TitleFull: Form and Sound Activation in First Language During Second Language Word Recognition.
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            NameFull: Shen, Wei
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              Text: Jun2026
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              Y: 2026
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