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Do Students Think That Difficult or Valuable Materials Should Be Restudied Sooner Rather Than Later?

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Title: Do Students Think That Difficult or Valuable Materials Should Be Restudied Sooner Rather Than Later?
Authors: Cohen, Michael S.1 mcohenl@ucla.edu, Yan, Veronica X.1, Halamish, Vered2, Bjork, Robert A.1
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory & Cognition. Nov2013, Vol. 39 Issue 6, p1682-1696. 15p.
Subject Terms: *Psychology of students, *Teacher-student relationships, *Learning theories in education, *Educational psychology, *Personal learning networks, Likes & dislikes
Abstract: Despite the clear long-term benefits of spaced practice, students and teachers often choose massed practice. Whether learners actually fail to appreciate the benefits of spacing is, however, open to question. Early studies (e.g., Zechmeister & Shaughnessy, 1980) found that participants' judgments of learning were higher after massed than after spaced repetitions, but more recent studies have found that participants, when allowed to choose between restudying right away and restudying later, tend to choose later, apparently reflecting an appreciation for the benefits of spacing. In these recent studies, however, choosing to restudy later also meant restudying closer to the final test, leaving open the question of what was driving participants' choices. In addition, the choice confronting participants has typically been between getting a spaced and truly massed repetition, whereas in real-world learning contexts the choice is often between a short, but not immediate, spacing interval and a longer one. In our research, we controlled final retention interval and asked participants to choose between restudying word pairs after either a relatively short (but not truly massed) interval or a longer interval. We found that participants had a clear preference for restudying higher priority (more difficult or more valuable) items sooner rather than later, even when doing so was not the most effective option. Thus, previous findings showing a preference for spaced repetition do not extend to a context in which the shorter spacing interval is substantially longer than true massing, and they may merely reflect a preference to restudy closer to the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory & Cognition is the property of American Psychological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Do Students Think That Difficult or Valuable Materials Should Be Restudied Sooner Rather Than Later?
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychology+of+students%22">Psychology of students</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher-student+relationships%22">Teacher-student relationships</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Learning+theories+in+education%22">Learning theories in education</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+psychology%22">Educational psychology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Personal+learning+networks%22">Personal learning networks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Likes+%26+dislikes%22">Likes & dislikes</searchLink>
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  Data: Despite the clear long-term benefits of spaced practice, students and teachers often choose massed practice. Whether learners actually fail to appreciate the benefits of spacing is, however, open to question. Early studies (e.g., Zechmeister & Shaughnessy, 1980) found that participants' judgments of learning were higher after massed than after spaced repetitions, but more recent studies have found that participants, when allowed to choose between restudying right away and restudying later, tend to choose later, apparently reflecting an appreciation for the benefits of spacing. In these recent studies, however, choosing to restudy later also meant restudying closer to the final test, leaving open the question of what was driving participants' choices. In addition, the choice confronting participants has typically been between getting a spaced and truly massed repetition, whereas in real-world learning contexts the choice is often between a short, but not immediate, spacing interval and a longer one. In our research, we controlled final retention interval and asked participants to choose between restudying word pairs after either a relatively short (but not truly massed) interval or a longer interval. We found that participants had a clear preference for restudying higher priority (more difficult or more valuable) items sooner rather than later, even when doing so was not the most effective option. Thus, previous findings showing a preference for spaced repetition do not extend to a context in which the shorter spacing interval is substantially longer than true massing, and they may merely reflect a preference to restudy closer to the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory & Cognition is the property of American Psychological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1037/a0032425
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      – SubjectFull: Teacher-student relationships
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      – SubjectFull: Learning theories in education
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      – SubjectFull: Educational psychology
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      – SubjectFull: Personal learning networks
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      – TitleFull: Do Students Think That Difficult or Valuable Materials Should Be Restudied Sooner Rather Than Later?
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              Text: Nov2013
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