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Numerical Optimization of Thermal Performance Using Kriging Method in a Propulsion Motor.

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Title: Numerical Optimization of Thermal Performance Using Kriging Method in a Propulsion Motor.
Authors: Yang, Sungjin1,2 (AUTHOR), Shin, Yongwoo1,2 (AUTHOR), Son, Gihun1 (AUTHOR), Choi, Jongrak2 (AUTHOR) jchoi@keti.re.kr
Source: Heat Transfer Engineering. 2026, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p150-169. 20p.
Subject Terms: *Kriging, *Computational fluid dynamics, *Electric motors, *Mathematical optimization, *Temperature control, *Cooling systems, *Temperature distribution, *Electric propulsion
Abstract: Compared to traditional radial flux permanent magnet motors, axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors face challenges in air-cooled internal space design due to their compact internal structure. A separate, independent liquid cooling system is applied to effectively dissipate heat generated within the stator core and windings. This research employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the Kriging method to analyze the thermal performance and pressure characteristics of AFPM motors with outer-rotating housings. The aim is to derive a thermal performance map and optimal design parameters for the cooling passage. For efficient analysis, the motor was simplified into a simple thermal model that includes the coolant passage, stator hub, core, and stator coil. CFD was adopted to predict the temperature distribution of significant components, focusing on coolant channel diameter and flow rate as parameters. The Kriging method was applied to derive a thermal performance map, and optimal design parameters were proposed using a utility function. Results indicate that increasing the coolant channel diameter by 0.9 mm and flow rate by 0.2 lpm reduces the hydraulic power required for coolant circulation by 62.1%. The maximum winding temperature stays within the permissible limit of 109 °C, and the thermal performance index improves by 49.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 189876417
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Numerical Optimization of Thermal Performance Using Kriging Method in a Propulsion Motor.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Sungjin%22">Yang, Sungjin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shin%2C+Yongwoo%22">Shin, Yongwoo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Son%2C+Gihun%22">Son, Gihun</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Choi%2C+Jongrak%22">Choi, Jongrak</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jchoi@keti.re.kr</i>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Heat+Transfer+Engineering%22">Heat Transfer Engineering</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p150-169. 20p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kriging%22">Kriging</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computational+fluid+dynamics%22">Computational fluid dynamics</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+motors%22">Electric motors</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+control%22">Temperature control</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cooling+systems%22">Cooling systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+distribution%22">Temperature distribution</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+propulsion%22">Electric propulsion</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Compared to traditional radial flux permanent magnet motors, axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors face challenges in air-cooled internal space design due to their compact internal structure. A separate, independent liquid cooling system is applied to effectively dissipate heat generated within the stator core and windings. This research employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the Kriging method to analyze the thermal performance and pressure characteristics of AFPM motors with outer-rotating housings. The aim is to derive a thermal performance map and optimal design parameters for the cooling passage. For efficient analysis, the motor was simplified into a simple thermal model that includes the coolant passage, stator hub, core, and stator coil. CFD was adopted to predict the temperature distribution of significant components, focusing on coolant channel diameter and flow rate as parameters. The Kriging method was applied to derive a thermal performance map, and optimal design parameters were proposed using a utility function. Results indicate that increasing the coolant channel diameter by 0.9 mm and flow rate by 0.2 lpm reduces the hydraulic power required for coolant circulation by 62.1%. The maximum winding temperature stays within the permissible limit of 109 °C, and the thermal performance index improves by 49.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=189876417
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/01457632.2024.2437890
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 150
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Kriging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computational fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric motors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cooling systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature distribution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric propulsion
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Numerical Optimization of Thermal Performance Using Kriging Method in a Propulsion Motor.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yang, Sungjin
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Shin, Yongwoo
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Son, Gihun
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Choi, Jongrak
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 01
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 01457632
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 47
            – Type: issue
              Value: 2
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Heat Transfer Engineering
              Type: main
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