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A review of the formation, mitigation strategies from 50 years of global urban heat island studies.

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Title: A review of the formation, mitigation strategies from 50 years of global urban heat island studies.
Authors: Srivastava, Vandana Tiwari1 (AUTHOR) architect.vandanats@gmail.com, Sharma, Alok2 (AUTHOR), Jadon, S. S.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Environment, Development & Sustainability. Jan2026, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p97-114. 18p.
Subject Terms: *Urban heat islands, *Zoning law, *Surfaces (Technology), *Atmospheric models, *Remote sensing, *Ground vegetation cover, *Urban morphology
Abstract: Urban heat islands (UHIs) are inadvertent climatic phenomena stemming from anthropogenic activities that pose a formidable challenge as urbanization is an inescapable reality. Hence, UHI-related concerns have garnered critical relevance in research endeavours. This report highlights the findings from global UHI research over the previous 50 years (1973–2022), while, UHIs have been extensively investigated globally, employing a multitude of methodologies spanning from satellite remote sensing to microclimate simulations involving computational fluid dynamics. The report first elucidates the elements that contribute to UHI formation based on findings from over 190 research publications. These elements are intrinsically linked to the morphology of the built environment, including urban geometry, height-to-width ratio, sky view factor, urban materials, and vegetation cover. The report further covers the mitigation measures proposed by researchers worldwide. Mitigation strategies have primarily focused on urban shading, augmenting green spaces, and modifying surface material properties. It discusses how local development control regulations were observed to modulate the factors responsible for UHI formation. Since UHIs exert influence at both macro and micro scales, the study encompasses research conducted at these levels. Finally, it is recommended that future studies investigate the dynamics of the relationship between development control regulations (DCR) and UHI formation. It suggests formulating algorithms capable of forecasting UHI intensity in the post-implementation scenario of DCR. These algorithms should account for factors such as floor space index (FSI), ground coverage norms, open space regulations, height limitations, vertical and horizontal surface material albedo guidelines, and leaf area index (LAI) of green cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 191807193
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: A review of the formation, mitigation strategies from 50 years of global urban heat island studies.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environment%2C+Development+%26+Sustainability%22">Environment, Development & Sustainability</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p97-114. 18p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urban+heat+islands%22">Urban heat islands</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zoning+law%22">Zoning law</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surfaces+%28Technology%29%22">Surfaces (Technology)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+models%22">Atmospheric models</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote+sensing%22">Remote sensing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ground+vegetation+cover%22">Ground vegetation cover</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urban+morphology%22">Urban morphology</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Urban heat islands (UHIs) are inadvertent climatic phenomena stemming from anthropogenic activities that pose a formidable challenge as urbanization is an inescapable reality. Hence, UHI-related concerns have garnered critical relevance in research endeavours. This report highlights the findings from global UHI research over the previous 50 years (1973–2022), while, UHIs have been extensively investigated globally, employing a multitude of methodologies spanning from satellite remote sensing to microclimate simulations involving computational fluid dynamics. The report first elucidates the elements that contribute to UHI formation based on findings from over 190 research publications. These elements are intrinsically linked to the morphology of the built environment, including urban geometry, height-to-width ratio, sky view factor, urban materials, and vegetation cover. The report further covers the mitigation measures proposed by researchers worldwide. Mitigation strategies have primarily focused on urban shading, augmenting green spaces, and modifying surface material properties. It discusses how local development control regulations were observed to modulate the factors responsible for UHI formation. Since UHIs exert influence at both macro and micro scales, the study encompasses research conducted at these levels. Finally, it is recommended that future studies investigate the dynamics of the relationship between development control regulations (DCR) and UHI formation. It suggests formulating algorithms capable of forecasting UHI intensity in the post-implementation scenario of DCR. These algorithms should account for factors such as floor space index (FSI), ground coverage norms, open space regulations, height limitations, vertical and horizontal surface material albedo guidelines, and leaf area index (LAI) of green cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10668-024-04966-y
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 97
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Urban heat islands
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Zoning law
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surfaces (Technology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Remote sensing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ground vegetation cover
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urban morphology
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A review of the formation, mitigation strategies from 50 years of global urban heat island studies.
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            NameFull: Srivastava, Vandana Tiwari
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            NameFull: Sharma, Alok
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            NameFull: Jadon, S. S.
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            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 28
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            – TitleFull: Environment, Development & Sustainability
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