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COVID-19, School District Operations, and Student Academic Performance in Virginia. EdWorkingPaper No. 26-1373

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Title: COVID-19, School District Operations, and Student Academic Performance in Virginia. EdWorkingPaper No. 26-1373
Language: English
Authors: Amy Reynolds, Beth E. Schueler, Luke C. Miller, Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University
Source: Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University. 2026.
Availability: Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University. Brown University Box 1985, Providence, RI 02912. Tel: 401-863-7990; Fax: 401-863-1290; e-mail: annenberg@brown.edu; Web site: https://annenberg.brown.edu/
Peer Reviewed: N
Page Count: 44
Publication Date: 2026
Sponsoring Agency: Institute of Education Sciences (ED)
Contract Number: R305S210009
R305B200005
Document Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Junior High Schools
Middle Schools
Secondary Education
Early Childhood Education
Grade 3
Primary Education
Grade 4
Intermediate Grades
Grade 5
Grade 6
Grade 7
Grade 8
Descriptors: COVID-19, Pandemics, Mathematics Achievement, Elementary School Students, Middle School Students, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade 5, Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 8, School Closing, Equal Education, Racial Differences, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Students with Disabilities, English Learners, School Districts, In Person Learning, Achievement Gains, Intervention
Geographic Terms: Virginia
Abstract: We use longitudinal student-level data and interrupted time series methods to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mathematics achievement among 3rd-8th grade students in Virginia, a state that offered particularly low levels of access to in-person learning in the school reopening period. We find notably large negative initial effects on math in 2020-21, much greater in magnitude than estimates of the nationwide impact. The recovery in 2021-22 and 2022-23 was substantial but students remained well-behind pre-pandemic levels. We also observe differential impacts across subgroups, exacerbating inequality based on socioeconomic background and race but not on receipt of special education or English Learner services. Initial negative impacts were larger in districts with lower levels of access to in-person learning in 2020-21, however, these same districts saw the greatest recovery by 2022-23. We observe suggestive evidence that districts providing greater learning needs supports (e.g., tutoring, extended time) saw somewhat smaller achievement declines, but no strong evidence of differences in pandemic effects (or sometimes mixed evidence) based on other district operational decisions such as their emphasis on assessment use, technology, social-emotional supports, family engagement, health protocols, or teacher development. Findings suggest the continued need to address the pandemic's long educational shadow.
Abstractor: As Provided
IES Funded: Yes
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: ED678246
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED678246
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PubType: Report
PubTypeId: report
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  Data: COVID-19, School District Operations, and Student Academic Performance in Virginia. EdWorkingPaper No. 26-1373
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amy+Reynolds%22">Amy Reynolds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Beth+E%2E+Schueler%22">Beth E. Schueler</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luke+C%2E+Miller%22">Luke C. Miller</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Annenberg+Institute+for+School+Reform+at+Brown+University%22">Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Annenberg+Institute+for+School+Reform+at+Brown+University%22"><i>Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University</i></searchLink>. 2026.
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  Data: Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University. Brown University Box 1985, Providence, RI 02912. Tel: 401-863-7990; Fax: 401-863-1290; e-mail: annenberg@brown.edu; Web site: https://annenberg.brown.edu/
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  Data: 44
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Junior+High+Schools%22">Junior High Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Middle+Schools%22">Middle Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Early+Childhood+Education%22">Early Childhood Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+3%22">Grade 3</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Primary+Education%22">Primary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+4%22">Grade 4</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Intermediate+Grades%22">Intermediate Grades</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+5%22">Grade 5</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+6%22">Grade 6</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+7%22">Grade 7</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+8%22">Grade 8</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COVID-19%22">COVID-19</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pandemics%22">Pandemics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematics+Achievement%22">Mathematics Achievement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+School+Students%22">Elementary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Middle+School+Students%22">Middle School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+3%22">Grade 3</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+4%22">Grade 4</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+5%22">Grade 5</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+6%22">Grade 6</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+7%22">Grade 7</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+8%22">Grade 8</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Closing%22">School Closing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Equal+Education%22">Equal Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Racial+Differences%22">Racial Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnicity%22">Ethnicity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+Status%22">Socioeconomic Status</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Students+with+Disabilities%22">Students with Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22English+Learners%22">English Learners</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Districts%22">School Districts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22In+Person+Learning%22">In Person Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Achievement+Gains%22">Achievement Gains</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intervention%22">Intervention</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Virginia%22">Virginia</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: We use longitudinal student-level data and interrupted time series methods to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mathematics achievement among 3rd-8th grade students in Virginia, a state that offered particularly low levels of access to in-person learning in the school reopening period. We find notably large negative initial effects on math in 2020-21, much greater in magnitude than estimates of the nationwide impact. The recovery in 2021-22 and 2022-23 was substantial but students remained well-behind pre-pandemic levels. We also observe differential impacts across subgroups, exacerbating inequality based on socioeconomic background and race but not on receipt of special education or English Learner services. Initial negative impacts were larger in districts with lower levels of access to in-person learning in 2020-21, however, these same districts saw the greatest recovery by 2022-23. We observe suggestive evidence that districts providing greater learning needs supports (e.g., tutoring, extended time) saw somewhat smaller achievement declines, but no strong evidence of differences in pandemic effects (or sometimes mixed evidence) based on other district operational decisions such as their emphasis on assessment use, technology, social-emotional supports, family engagement, health protocols, or teacher development. Findings suggest the continued need to address the pandemic's long educational shadow.
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  Label: Abstractor
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  Data: As Provided
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: ED678246
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=ED678246
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 44
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: COVID-19
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pandemics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematics Achievement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Middle School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 3
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 4
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 5
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 6
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 7
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 8
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: School Closing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Equal Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Racial Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ethnicity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Socioeconomic Status
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Students with Disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: English Learners
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: School Districts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: In Person Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Achievement Gains
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intervention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Virginia
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: COVID-19, School District Operations, and Student Academic Performance in Virginia. EdWorkingPaper No. 26-1373
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