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Facilitating Open Science Practices for Research Syntheses: PreregRS Guides Preregistration

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Title: Facilitating Open Science Practices for Research Syntheses: PreregRS Guides Preregistration
Language: English
Authors: Schneider, Jürgen (ORCID 0000-0002-3772-4198), Backfisch, Iris, Lachner, Andreas
Source: Research Synthesis Methods. Mar 2022 13(2):284-289.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 6
Publication Date: 2022
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Research Methodology, Models, Scientific Research, Credibility, Information Dissemination, Data
DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1540
ISSN: 1759-2879
Abstract: Researchers increasingly engage in adopting open science practices in the field of research syntheses, such as preregistration. Preregistration is a central open science practice in empirical research to enhance transparency in the research process and it gains steady adoption in the context of conducting research synthesis. From an interdisciplinary perspective, frameworks and particularly templates are lacking which support researchers preparing a preregistration. To this end, we introduce preregRS, a template to guide researchers across disciplines through the process of preregistering research syntheses. We utilized an R Markdown template file to provide a framework that structures the process of preparing a preregistration. Researchers can write up the preregistration using the template file similar to filling out a form, with the template providing additional hints and further information for the decisions along the framework. We integrated the R Markdown template in an R package for easy installation and use, but also provide a browser-based option for users granting low-barrier access. PreregRS constitutes a first step to facilitate and support preregistration with research syntheses for all disciplines. It further adds to establishing open science practices in conducting research syntheses.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2022
Accession Number: EJ1328544
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0155656834;[bdct]01mar.22;2022Mar11.05:19;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0155656834-1">Facilitating open science practices for research syntheses: PreregRS guides preregistration </title> <p>Researchers increasingly engage in adopting open science practices in the field of research syntheses, such as preregistration. Preregistration is a central open science practice in empirical research to enhance transparency in the research process and it gains steady adoption in the context of conducting research synthesis. From an interdisciplinary perspective, frameworks and particularly templates are lacking which support researchers preparing a preregistration. To this end, we introduce preregRS, a template to guide researchers across disciplines through the process of preregistering research syntheses. We utilized an R Markdown template file to provide a framework that structures the process of preparing a preregistration. Researchers can write up the preregistration using the template file similar to filling out a form, with the template providing additional hints and further information for the decisions along the framework. We integrated the R Markdown template in an R package for easy installation and use, but also provide a browser‐based option for users granting low‐barrier access. PreregRS constitutes a first step to facilitate and support preregistration with research syntheses for all disciplines. It further adds to establishing open science practices in conducting research syntheses.</p> <p>Keywords: open science; preregistration; R markdown; R package</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-2">Highlights</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0155656834-3">What is already known</hd> <p>Open Science practices are an important approach to make research syntheses transparent and reproducible. Preregistration of research syntheses is still little established, as easy‐to‐use templates and frameworks lack from an interdisciplinary perspective.</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-4">What is new</hd> <p>We established a template including a framework to guide researchers preparing a preregistration with research syntheses in an R Markdown template file. Along with additional hints and further information for the decisions in the preregistration process researchers can complete the file like filling out a form and compile it to standardized formats like HTML or PDF.</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-5">Potential impact for research synthesis methods readers outside the authors' field</hd> <p>The template is explicitly aimed at supporting and guiding researchers from all disciplines, while still being adaptable to the specific needs of individual research interests.</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-6">INTRODUCTION</hd> <p>Research syntheses are an established approach to integrate and evaluate findings across disciplines. Within the last years, there has been an exponential growth in published research syntheses, such as meta‐analyses and systematic reviews.1 Research syntheses are sought to be a valuable approach to inform the scientific community and provide evidence‐based directions to practice and policy makers. This holds particularly true in research fields in which rather small‐scale experiments and studies are conducted, such as the behavioral and social sciences, as meta‐analyses allow to aggregate the obtained findings.2 However, the inferences we can draw from research syntheses depend on the decisions researchers make throughout the research process (e.g., concerning literature search, eligibility criteria, and strategy for data synthesis).3–5 At the same time, transparency concerning changes in the decisions during the research process allow for critical evaluation of these research syntheses and enhance reproducibility.6 In this report we therefore reflect on transparency in research syntheses and present a tool to support preregistration.</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-7">Transparent decision processes facilitate evaluation and reproducibility</hd> <p>In published research reports, readers will usually find final decisions of the researchers producing the reported findings. Changes in the research process, such as in the literature search, eligibility criteria or data analysis strategy, may produce substantially different outcomes. These changes are usually not reflected in the publications and thus pose a challenge to the evaluation and reproducibility of research syntheses.7,8 The increasingly mainstreamed open science movement addresses these challenges with practices that enable researchers to conduct transparent and reproducible research.9 In the field of research syntheses, these practices are rarely utilized, however, they increasingly receive attention.10 Preregistration is a crucial component of these open science practices to make research syntheses <emph>as a process</emph> transparent.11 As illustrated by the examples above, we argue for the importance of transparency with decision processes in research syntheses and thus for preregistration.</p> <p>Similar to other open science practices, preregistration of research syntheses is not yet an established procedure.12,13 This may be particularly, because preregistering research synthesis put high demands on researchers, and, therefore, require additional assistance in the registration process.14 Making preregistration for research synthesis possible (e.g., by providing infrastructure) is a necessary first step and needs to be followed by making it easy as a next one.15</p> <p>To date, the field lacks an interdisciplinary applicable framework for preregistering meta‐analyses and systematic reviews that can be adopted to individual needs via a template. Several important approaches currently exist for this purpose. PROSPERO is a platform for pre‐registration of systematic reviews in the field of health.16 However, adapting the framework to other disciplines outside health poses additional challenges for each individual researcher. In contrast, frameworks like PRISMA‐P17 and the Inclusive Systematic Review Registration Form18 aim to cover a wide range of disciplines and are valuable frameworks within their methodological boundaries (e.g., systematic reviews). With <emph>preregRS</emph> ("preregistering research syntheses") we want to add to these frameworks and offer a one‐stop‐shop approach for meta‐analyses as well as systematic reviews from all disciplines. <emph>PreregRS</emph> guides and supports researchers in preparing a preregistration and enables them to include all essential information in one single file: Researchers will be able to provide not only text, but also statistical analyses and their results (e.g., simulations for power analyses), as well as figures, and embed external files (e.g., data and codebooks) in one composed document.</p> <p>In the following section, we will outline the structure of the framework for preregistration utilized in <emph>preregRS</emph> and its alignment with heuristically used, established standards. Then we introduce the <emph>preregRS</emph> template that includes the framework and demonstrate its functionalities.</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-8">FRAMEWORK AND IMPLEMENTATION</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0155656834-9">The framework for preregistration utilized in preregRS</hd> <p>In the <emph>preregRS</emph> template we provide a framework to guide preregistrations of research syntheses. Its structure is aligned with (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref1">1</reflink>) standards in preregistering systematic reviews such as the "international prospective register of systematic reviews" (PROSPERO) from medical and health science, (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref2">2</reflink>) standards in reporting such as the "Meta‐Analysis Reporting Standards" (MARS) provided by the American Psychological Association,19 and (<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref3">3</reflink>) standards in protocols such as the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses – Protocol" (PRISMA‐P).17 We explicitly adopt an interdisciplinary approach by synthesizing these perspectives in one framework to be broadly applicable (see Table 1). This way, researchers are provided with an adaptive framework without having to investigate, evaluate, and heuristically apply standards from other disciplines. Minor changes to the frameworks in the integration process for the tool are marked and described in the compiled template. These changes are due to the frameworks either being created for reporting or containing discipline‐specific elements.</p> <p>1 TABLESections of the template with short descriptions (extended descriptions in the template)</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left">Level 1heading</th><th align="left">Level 2heading</th><th align="left">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>1. General</td><td>1.1. Working Title</td><td>Provide title (e.g., from grant proposal), ideally aligned with frameworks referred to in the template.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.2. Type of Review</td><td>Meta‐analysis, systematic review, scoping review, narrative synthesis, ...</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.3. Anticipated start and completion date</td><td>Expected time frame of synthesis.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.4. Stage of Synthesis</td><td>Current state within the process of search, screening, extraction and analysis.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.5. Names, Affiliations, Contact</td><td>Contact details best linked with an ORCID.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.6. Collaborators</td><td>Names in case of collaboration or cooperation.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.7. Amendments to previous versions</td><td>If this is an update to a previous preregistration provide its DOI here.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.8. Funding sources, sponsors and their roles</td><td>Funding sources, best with identification number (e.g. grant number.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>1.9. Conflict of Interest</td><td>Conditions that could influence the author's judgments.</td></tr><tr><td>2. Introduction</td><td>2.1. Rationale</td><td>Describe the rationale of the synthesis, its relevance and theoretical deduction of research question(s).</td></tr><tr><td /><td>2.2. Research Questions</td><td>State the deducted research question(s).</td></tr><tr><td>3. Methods</td><td>3.1. Eligibility: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria</td><td>Describe how studies will be selected, best with frameworks referred to in the template.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.2. Sources of Search: List and Rationale</td><td>List the sources that will be consulted: Databases, journals, ...</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.3. Search Strategy</td><td>Provide the search string for the listed sources.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.4. Data Management Tools Used</td><td>How will publications and extracted data be managed?</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.5. Selection of Studies</td><td>Describe the screening process, how studies will be selected and coded by the authors.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.6. Method of Extracting Data & Information (from Reports)</td><td>How will the relevant information be extracted from the selected studies?</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.7. List and Description of Data and Information Extracted</td><td>Which information will be extracted from the selected studies?</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.8. Effect size transformation from individual studies</td><td>If meta‐analysis: Describe effect size metric used and transformation into that metric.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>3.9. Risk of Bias in Individual Studies</td><td>Provide how study quality and potential bias in individual studies will be evaluated.</td></tr><tr><td>4. Results</td><td>4.1. Strategy for Data Synthesis</td><td>Depending on the type of synthesis, describe how extracted data from studies will be synthesized.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>4.2. Moderators/Subgroups</td><td>State the subgroups to be investigated.</td></tr><tr><td /><td>4.3 Assessment of Publication Bias</td><td>Describe how publication bias will be assessed and your countermeasures.</td></tr><tr><td>5. Discussion</td><td>5.1. Strength of Evidence</td><td>On what will the concluding evaluation of the strength and limitations of the evidence be based on.</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <hd id="AN0155656834-10">Basic functionality and recommended workflow of the preregRS template</hd> <p>To support researchers in the process of using the framework for preregistration we implemented it in an R Markdown template. R Markdown is a file format that enables users to include formatted text, R syntax including its output. It employs the easy‐to‐use markup language "markdown" which is highly compatible (e.g., for integrating HTML, LaTeX, YAML). What is more, R Markdown is convertible to standardized formats like HTML or PDF.</p> <p>Sections in the <emph>preregRS</emph> template guide users through decisions to be made when preregistering a research synthesis, similar to filling out a form. Additionally, to facilitate usability of the template also without prior experience with R Markdown, the template provides placeholders ("Put your text here.") throughout the file for users to replace with their information. For every section, more detailed descriptions from the authors and the three standards (PROSPERO, MARS, and PRISMA‐P) are accessible to further support researchers making informed decisions. These detailed descriptions are most easily visible after compiling the R Markdown file to HTML: Next to each section users will find a "more info" button in the compiled HTML file that provides these detailed descriptions for the corresponding section on click (see Figure 1 for R Markdown syntax and the complied HTML template). Therefore, our recommended workflow (see Table 2) includes compiling the R Markdown into HTML in a first step, to have a structured look at the descriptions before filling out the template. Readers can get a glimpse of the empty template compiled to HTML via <ulink href="http://bit.ly/preregRS-HTML">http://bit.ly/preregRS-HTML</ulink>.</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/BDCT/01mar22/jrsm1540-fig-0001.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMNXb4kSepq84yOvqOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="jrsm1540-fig-0001.jpg" title="1 Excerpt of the R Markdown template regarding the "Search Strategy" section (above) and the associated compiled HTML (below) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]" /> </p> <p></p> <p>2 TABLERecommended workflow and hints for novices with R Markdown</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left">Steps</th><th align="left">How to</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td><list list-type="Bullet"><list-item><p>1. Installation of preregRS via GitHub</p></list-item></list></td><td>Run R Code: install.packages("remotes")remotes::install_github("j‐5chneider/preregRS")</td></tr><tr><td><list list-type="Bullet"><list-item><p>2. Open Rmarkdown (Rmd) template</p></list-item></list></td><td>In RStudio: Click: file > new file > R Markdown > From Template > preregRS to HTML or PDF > ok</td></tr><tr><td><list list-type="Bullet"><list-item><p>3. Compile Rmd to HTML in order to check descriptions ("more info" buttons)</p></list-item></list></td><td>In RStudio: Click: Knit (next to "save disk") > to HTML</td></tr><tr><td><list list-type="Bullet"><list-item><p>4. Replace "Put your text here" with your information in the Rmd</p></list-item></list></td><td>In the template file: Include plain or marked‐up text, as well as plots, R code, LaTeX or HTML.</td></tr><tr><td><list list-type="Bullet"><list-item><p>5. Compile final version to standalone HTML</p></list-item></list></td><td>In RStudio: Click: Knit (next to "save disk") > to HTML</td></tr><tr><td><list list-type="Bullet"><list-item><p>6. Upload to (public) repository to get a timestamp and DOI</p></list-item></list></td><td>Follow guidelines of the repository (e.g., osf.io, <ext-link href="http://prereg-psych.org" title="prereg‐psych.org" />)</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>To provide easy access to the template we created an R package that includes the R Markdown file. Users can install the <emph>preregRS</emph> package from the software repository GitHub (https://github.com/j-5chneider/preregRS). Basic guidance on installation and usage is provided on the GitHub page of the package. After installation, the template is available when opening a new R Markdown file under the option "From Template" in RStudio.</p> <p>We also provide the possibility to use the R Markdown template within a browser‐based online version (see <ulink href="http://bit.ly/preregRS-jupyter">http://bit.ly/preregRS-jupyter</ulink>). The browser‐based environment sets up a temporary version of the template, that can be filled out, compiled to HTML and downloaded in the same session. However, the settings are reset and the progress is lost as soon as the browser window is closed. Therefore, installation is preferable in most cases (e.g., to be able to update one's preregistration). The browser‐based version is particularly suitable in case the users want to experience the template first before installation.</p> <p>In case users need good practice examples of several sections from the template, as an illustration, see <ulink href="http://bit.ly/preregRS-example">http://bit.ly/preregRS-example</ulink>.</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-12">DISCUSSION</hd> <p>In this article, we introduced the R package <emph>preregRS</emph>. The package contains an R Markdown template that offers both a framework that supports scientists to preregister research syntheses across disciplines and to adapt this framework to the individual needs of one's research synthesis. That way, we aim to support researchers in the implementation of open science practices in research syntheses, an area where we perceive room for advancement on standards, tools, and frameworks.</p> <p>The template was successfully utilized for preregistration in several research projects, within and outside our research group (see https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.4226 and https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U6SVP). Further developments, particularly regarding usability of the R Markdown template and accessibility outside of R are forthcoming. This includes the implementation of a user interface (e.g., by means of a shiny app), which allows to further improve the ease of use of the tool. We licensed the tool under CC‐BY SA 4.0 and therefore made it open to contributions and adaptions. We invite interested colleagues to optimize the tool for the community and customize it for their own use. Another future development is the inclusion of best‐practice examples directly in the respective sections. We have already been able to generate examples from research on teaching and learning, but for the future it would be desirable to include examples from other disciplines as well.</p> <p>As DeHaven put it: preregistration is "a plan, not a prison."20 The present template provides a tool to support and guide the establishment of this plan for research syntheses. In this respect, the present template is the first initiative explicitly targeted at researchers of all disciplines to plan their systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. It marks a further step towards transparent and open science with research syntheses.</p> <hd id="AN0155656834-13">DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT</hd> <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.</p> <ref id="AN0155656834-14"> <title> Footnotes </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref1" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Funding information Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Grant/Award Number: 01JA2009</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <ref id="AN0155656834-15"> <title> REFERENCES </title> <blist> <bibtext> Fontelo P, Liu F. A review of recent publication trends from top publishing countries. Syst Rev. 2018 ; 7 (1): 147. doi: 10.1186/s13643-018-0819-1</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref2" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Sauerland S, Seiler CM. Role of systematic reviews and meta‐analysis in evidence‐based medicine. World J Surg. 2005 ; 29 (5): 582 ‐ 587. doi: 10.1007/s00268-005-7917-7</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib3" idref="ref3" type="bt">3</bibl> <bibtext> Møller MH, Ioannidis JPA, Darmon M. Are systematic reviews and meta‐analyses still useful research? We are not sure. Intensive Care Med. 2018 ; 44 (4): 518 ‐ 520. doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-5039-y</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib4" type="bt">4</bibl> <bibtext> Egger M, Smith GD, Sterne JAC. Uses and abuses of meta‐analysis. Clin Med. 2001 ; 1 (6): 478 ‐ 484. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.1-6-478</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib5" type="bt">5</bibl> <bibtext> Smith TO, Hing CB. " Garbage in, garbage out"—the importance of detailing methodological reasoning in orthopaedic meta‐analysis. Int Orthop. 2011 ; 35 (2): 301 ‐ 302. doi: 10.1007/s00264-010-1171-9</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib6" type="bt">6</bibl> <bibtext> Wilson DB. Systematic coding for research synthesis. In: Cooper HM, Hedges LV, Valentine JC, eds. Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta‐Analysis. 3rd ed. Russell Sage Foundation ; 2019 : 153 ‐ 172.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib7" type="bt">7</bibl> <bibtext> Hom HL Jr, Van Nuland AL. Evaluating scientific research: belief, hindsight bias, ethics, and research evaluation. Appl Cogn Psychol. 2019 ; 33 (4): 675 ‐ 681. doi: 10.1002/acp.3519</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib8" type="bt">8</bibl> <bibtext> Tipton E, Pustejovsky JE, Ahmadi H. Current practices in meta‐regression in psychology, education, and medicine. Res Synth Methods. 2019 ; 10 (2): 180 ‐ 194. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1339</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib9" type="bt">9</bibl> <bibtext> Allen C, Mehler DMA. Open science challenges, benefits and tips in early career and beyond. PLoS Biol. 2019 ; 17 (5): e3000246. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000246</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Page MJ, McKenzie J, Bossuyt P, et al. The PRISMA 2020 Statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. MetaArXiv ; 2020. doi: 10.31222/osf.io/v7gm2</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Munafò MR, Nosek BA, Bishop DVM, et al. A manifesto for reproducible science. Nat Hum Behav. 2017 ; 1 : 21. doi: 10.1038/s41562-016-0021</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Atkinson KM, Koenka AC, Sanchez CE, Moshontz H, Cooper H. Reporting standards for literature searches and report inclusion criteria: making research syntheses more transparent and easy to replicate: reporting standards for literature searches. Res Synth Methods. 2015 ; 6 (1): 87 ‐ 95. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1127</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Stewart L, Moher D, Shekelle P. Why prospective registration of systematic reviews makes sense. Syst Rev. 2012 ; 1 (1): 7. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-7</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Nosek BA, Beck ED, Campbell L, et al. Preregistration is hard and worthwhile. Trends Cogn Sci. 2019 ; 23 (10): 815 ‐ 818. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.07.009</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Nosek BA. Culture change toward more open, rigorous, and reproducible research. Presented at the Indiana University: October 4, 2019; Indiana University.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Booth A, Clarke M, Dooley G, et al. The nuts and bolts of PROSPERO: an international prospective register of systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2012 ; 1 (1): 2. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-2</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta‐analysis protocols (PRISMA‐P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015 ; 4 (1): 1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Van den Akker O, Peters G‐JY, Bakker C, et al. Inclusive Systematic Review Registration Form. MetaArXiv ; 2020. doi: 10.31222/osf.io/3nbea</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Appelbaum M, Cooper H, Kline RB, Mayo‐Wilson E, Nezu AM, Rao SM. Journal article reporting standards for quantitative research in psychology: the APA publications and communications board task force report. Am Psychol. 2018 ; 73 (1): 3 ‐ 25. doi: 10.1037/amp0000191</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> DeHaven A. Preregistration: A Plan, Not a Prison Center for Open Science Published May 23, 2017. https://<ulink href="http://www.cos.io/blog/preregistration-plan-not-prison">www.cos.io/blog/preregistration-plan-not-prison</ulink></bibtext> </blist> </ref> <aug> <p>By Jürgen Schneider; Iris Backfisch and Andreas Lachner</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author; Author</p> </aug>
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  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Researchers increasingly engage in adopting open science practices in the field of research syntheses, such as preregistration. Preregistration is a central open science practice in empirical research to enhance transparency in the research process and it gains steady adoption in the context of conducting research synthesis. From an interdisciplinary perspective, frameworks and particularly templates are lacking which support researchers preparing a preregistration. To this end, we introduce preregRS, a template to guide researchers across disciplines through the process of preregistering research syntheses. We utilized an R Markdown template file to provide a framework that structures the process of preparing a preregistration. Researchers can write up the preregistration using the template file similar to filling out a form, with the template providing additional hints and further information for the decisions along the framework. We integrated the R Markdown template in an R package for easy installation and use, but also provide a browser-based option for users granting low-barrier access. PreregRS constitutes a first step to facilitate and support preregistration with research syntheses for all disciplines. It further adds to establishing open science practices in conducting research syntheses.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2022
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1328544
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1328544
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/jrsm.1540
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 284
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Research Methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scientific Research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Credibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Information Dissemination
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Facilitating Open Science Practices for Research Syntheses: PreregRS Guides Preregistration
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Schneider, Jürgen
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Backfisch, Iris
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lachner, Andreas
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Type: published
              Y: 2022
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 1759-2879
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 13
            – Type: issue
              Value: 2
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Research Synthesis Methods
              Type: main
ResultId 1