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The Relationship between Creativity and Attitudes toward Intergroup Conflicts

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Title: The Relationship between Creativity and Attitudes toward Intergroup Conflicts
Language: English
Authors: Fahoum, Nardine (ORCID 0000-0003-4482-2367), Pick, Hadas, Rainer, Shenhav, Zoabi, Dana, Han, Shihui, Shamay-Tsoory, Simone
Source: Journal of Creative Behavior. Jun 2023 57(2):268-284.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 17
Publication Date: 2023
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Creativity, Conflict, Intergroup Relations, Negative Attitudes, Individual Differences, Arabs, Jews, Foreign Countries, Creative Thinking, Creativity Tests, Positive Attitudes, Thinking Skills, Prediction, Comparative Analysis, Intervention, Conflict Resolution
Geographic Terms: Israel, Palestine
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
DOI: 10.1002/jocb.576
ISSN: 0022-0175
2162-6057
Abstract: The maintenance and escalation of intergroup conflicts have been explained by negative emotions and attitudes toward outgroup members. Considering that creative cognition entails the ability to generate diverse and new ideas, we sought to investigate whether creativity may contribute to overcoming negative emotions and attitudes associated with intergroup conflicts. Therefore, we examined whether individual differences in creativity predict conflict-related emotions and attitudes in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To that end, we recruited Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs who identify themselves as Palestinian and administered the Torrance task of divergent thinking to assess the levels of originality and flexibility of participants. We also measured outgroup-targeted emotions and attitudes toward the conflict. Results indicate that participants who demonstrate higher levels of original thinking, on average, reported higher levels of positive emotions toward outgroup members and were more supportive of conciliatory attitudes toward the conflict. Moreover, these associations were more evident among Israelis than among Palestinians. Finally, a mediation analysis demonstrated that originality predicts conciliatory attitudes through an increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions toward outgroup members. This relationship was not moderated by nationality. These findings suggest that interventions based on creativity training may be beneficial to encourage reconciliation.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2023
Accession Number: EJ1381032
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0164305890;3u701jun.23;2023Jun16.05:41;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0164305890-1">The Relationship between Creativity and Attitudes toward Intergroup Conflicts </title> <p>The maintenance and escalation of intergroup conflicts have been explained by negative emotions and attitudes toward outgroup members. Considering that creative cognition entails the ability to generate diverse and new ideas, we sought to investigate whether creativity may contribute to overcoming negative emotions and attitudes associated with intergroup conflicts. Therefore, we examined whether individual differences in creativity predict conflict‐related emotions and attitudes in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. To that end, we recruited Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs who identify themselves as Palestinian and administered the Torrance task of divergent thinking to assess the levels of originality and flexibility of participants. We also measured outgroup‐targeted emotions and attitudes toward the conflict. Results indicate that participants who demonstrate higher levels of original thinking, on average, reported higher levels of positive emotions toward outgroup members and were more supportive of conciliatory attitudes toward the conflict. Moreover, these associations were more evident among Israelis than among Palestinians. Finally, a mediation analysis demonstrated that originality predicts conciliatory attitudes through an increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions toward outgroup members. This relationship was not moderated by nationality. These findings suggest that interventions based on creativity training may be beneficial to encourage reconciliation.</p> <p>Keywords: creativity; divergent thinking; intergroup conflicts; outgroup‐targeted emotions; attitudes</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-2">INTERGROUP CONFLICTS: THE ROLE OF EMOTIONS AND ATTITUDES</hd> <p>Intractable violent conflicts between social groups have fatal consequences that affect the wellbeing of individuals and nations. Intergroup conflicts threaten people's security and often result in suffering and death (Lacina & Gleditsch, [<reflink idref="bib59" id="ref1">59</reflink>]). One of the world's most challenging intergroup conflicts today is the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict (Bar‐Tal, [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref2">8</reflink>]). The crux of this centuries‐long conflict is that two groups claim they have a right to the same land. Considering that from the outset this conflict has involved religion, nationality, and violence and given that it affects the daily lives of both Palestinians and Israelis, it provokes many personal and social psychological challenges (Bar‐Tal & Salomon, [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref3">12</reflink>]).</p> <p>Recent studies show that emotions play a major role in the maintenance of conflicts (e.g., Bar‐Tal et al., [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref4">13</reflink>]). Outgroup‐targeted emotions refer to emotions toward the outgroup that are elicited by mere perceptions of group belonging. Individuals involved in a conflict experience a range of outgroup‐targeted negative emotions toward the outgroup on a daily basis, such as fear, hate, and contempt (Bar‐Tal, [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref5">9</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref6">10</reflink>]; Halperin, [<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref7">41</reflink>]). These emotions emerge in response to events that are relevant to the group, even though these events are not necessarily experienced directly by and do not directly influence the individual (Iyer & Leach, [<reflink idref="bib51" id="ref8">51</reflink>]; Mackie et al., [<reflink idref="bib62" id="ref9">62</reflink>]; Smith, [<reflink idref="bib89" id="ref10">89</reflink>]). Such feelings have been found to escalate conflicts (Lerner et al., [<reflink idref="bib60" id="ref11">60</reflink>]; Skitka et al., [<reflink idref="bib88" id="ref12">88</reflink>]) and to serve as a barrier to conflict resolution (Halperin, [<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref13">41</reflink>]).</p> <p>Another factor that contributes to conflict escalation is attitudes toward outgroups that develop at an early age and are constantly reinforced by society (Bar‐Tal et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref14">14</reflink>]). Attitudes are defined as evaluations of another group (Allport, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref15">3</reflink>]). Such attitudes tend to be highly resistant to change, and very few interventions have been found to influence people attitudes (Hornsey & Fielding, [<reflink idref="bib48" id="ref16">48</reflink>]). Emotions contribute to this resistance to change by motivating people to embrace information that is consistent with their attitudes and to reject inconsistent information (e.g., Kruglanski, [<reflink idref="bib57" id="ref17">57</reflink>]; Kunda, [<reflink idref="bib58" id="ref18">58</reflink>]). Evidence indicates that attitudes may change in the case of increased emotional similarity between groups. For example, Mcdonald et al. ([<reflink idref="bib65" id="ref19">65</reflink>]) demonstrated that Israeli‐Jewish participants who were trained to see their emotional similarity to an outgroup of Palestinian Arabs were able to increase their humanization of the other and exhibited higher support for conciliatory attitudes. Along this line, researchers have suggested that aggressive attitudes toward an outgroup can change following interventions aimed at regulating outgroup‐targeted emotions (e.g., Halperin et al., [<reflink idref="bib42" id="ref20">42</reflink>]). Indeed, Porat et al. ([<reflink idref="bib71" id="ref21">71</reflink>]) found that training emotion regulation via reappraisal reduces anger and disgust toward the outgroup, in turn reducing support for aggressive attitudes. Additionally, stimulating hatred predicted attitudes against reconciliation among Israeli Jews (Halperin, [<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref22">41</reflink>]). Another study conducted by Cohen‐Chen et al. ([<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref23">22</reflink>]) found that fear was associated with rejecting peace‐making opportunities, while hope was associated with accepting them.</p> <p>Despite a long history of studying emotions and attitudes related to intergroup conflict, it remains unclear whether there are any cognitive capabilities that can help moderate negative emotions and lead to attitude change. In this context, creativity has been proposed as an ability that may enable people to overcome conflict‐related emotions and promote attitude change (Groyecka, [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref24">36</reflink>]; Luria & Kaufman, [<reflink idref="bib61" id="ref25">61</reflink>]). Yet, no study to date has examined this directly, especially in the context of an actual ongoing conflict. Therefore, the current study examined whether individual differences in creativity predict emotions and attitudes toward the outgroup in the context of the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it may help toward changing outgroup‐targeted emotions and conflict‐related attitudes and may inform future interventions for conflict resolution.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-3">CREATIVITY AND CONFLICT‐RELATED EMOTIONS</hd> <p>Creativity is defined as the ability to produce novel (original and unique) and useful ideas, solutions, and products (e.g., Amabile, [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref26">4</reflink>]; Sternberg & Lubart, [<reflink idref="bib91" id="ref27">91</reflink>]). Creativity is frequently assessed by divergent thinking (DT) tasks, which measure an individual's ability to suggest multiple solutions to an open problem (Guilford, [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref28">39</reflink>]; Runco & Acar, [<reflink idref="bib75" id="ref29">75</reflink>]). In contrast to convergent thinking, which is directed toward finding a single correct solution to a problem (Cropley, [<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref30">25</reflink>]), divergent thinking requires generating new ideas that branch out and allow for many possible solutions to a given problem. A core element of divergent thinking is originality, defined as the ability to generate associations that are uncommon, remote, infrequent, and rare. An idea is considered to be original when it is statistically rare and represents an uncommon unique response (Guilford, [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref31">39</reflink>]), and it is, therefore, considered to be the most important component of creativity and DT (Runco & Jaeger, [<reflink idref="bib76" id="ref32">76</reflink>]). Another important component of creativity is cognitive flexibility (Baas et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref33">6</reflink>]), defined as the ability to break old cognitive patterns, overcome functional fixedness, and as a result generate new associations between different concepts (Guilford, [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref34">39</reflink>]). In the context of intergroup conflict, it may be argued that originality and flexibility may contribute to an individual's ability to generate novel and remote associations. This ability may help in overcoming emotional biases related to conflicts by diminishing automatic negative emotions and attitudes.</p> <p>Previous evidence supports the notion that engaging in creative activities contributes to emotional alterations. For example, Cantu and Fleuriet ([<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref35">17</reflink>]) showed that while people participate in creative activities, their happiness increases. Moreover, Chermahini and Hommel ([<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref36">18</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref37">19</reflink>]) found that participation in DT tasks leads to higher ratings of positive affect than do convergent thinking tasks. Based on this, we suggest that creativity may also influence emotions through its effect on emotional regulation. Divergent thinking is an inductive, ideational process that involves generating a broad range of solutions or interpretations to a given situation (Guilford, [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref38">39</reflink>]; Runco & Acar, [<reflink idref="bib75" id="ref39">75</reflink>]). Similarly, emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal require that participants generate different appraisals for events in a way that alters their emotional impact (Weber et al., [<reflink idref="bib99" id="ref40">99</reflink>]; Wu et al., [<reflink idref="bib101" id="ref41">101</reflink>]). Therefore, creativity may contribute to cognitive reappraisal because it involves producing many alternate ideas regarding a given problem. Creativity could influence emotions through its effect on the ability to generate alternative perspectives of emotional situations. In line with this view, creativity was found to be positively correlated with the effectiveness of reappraisal (Wu et al., [<reflink idref="bib101" id="ref42">101</reflink>]). Furthermore, Perchtold‐stefan et al. ([<reflink idref="bib69" id="ref43">69</reflink>]) reviewed the literature on emotion regulation and creativity and suggested that creativity may contribute to regulating emotions in stressful situations and to experiencing unconventional emotions, defined as emotions that are not automatically experienced in everyday life. The authors claim that creativity allows inventiveness in producing positive reappraisals during distress. As intergroup conflicts involve negative emotions (Bar‐Tal, [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref44">9</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref45">10</reflink>]; Halperin, [<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref46">41</reflink>]), creative abilities may allow individuals to generate divergent positive appraisals, to overcome these negative emotions.</p> <p>Creativity has also been linked to openness, exploration (vs. exploitation), and novelty‐seeking (e.g., Feist, [<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref47">28</reflink>]; Herz et al., [<reflink idref="bib45" id="ref48">45</reflink>]; Silvia et al., [<reflink idref="bib86" id="ref49">86</reflink>]), in turn possibly affecting the ability to explore new emotions. Indeed, people who are highly open to experience tend to exhibit a wide range of emotions usually not exhibited by people who are less open to experience (Terracciano et al., [<reflink idref="bib92" id="ref50">92</reflink>]). Additionally, open‐minded individuals show greater cognitive flexibility and a broader range of ideas and strategies during conflict resolution (Johnson et al., [<reflink idref="bib52" id="ref51">52</reflink>]). Finally, creativity is associated with breadth of thoughts, i.e., broad thinking that is not constrained by rules (Herz et al., [<reflink idref="bib45" id="ref52">45</reflink>]). Conflict‐related attitudes and emotions serve as an example of an extremely narrow thinking style in which the individual activates close associations based on automatic stereotypes and prejudices (Fredrickson, [<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref53">31</reflink>]; Gocłowska et al., [<reflink idref="bib33" id="ref54">33</reflink>]; Marsh et al., [<reflink idref="bib63" id="ref55">63</reflink>]; Ward, [<reflink idref="bib98" id="ref56">98</reflink>]). Therefore, highly creative individuals may generate new associations that result in reduced conflict‐related emotions. All these creativity‐related skills involve thinking outside the box, exploring unfamiliar perspectives, and being open to experiencing different emotions. Although the literature on creativity and emotions does not directly examine the relationship between creativity and outgroup‐targeted emotions, research has suggested that outgroup‐targeted emotions share the same structure as other emotions, such that the same relationships found with other emotions should apply to outgroup‐targeted emotions (Goldenberg et al., [<reflink idref="bib34" id="ref57">34</reflink>]). Thus, it is possible that highly creative individuals tend to experience a wide range of emotions in conflicts and are able to harbor positive emotions toward outgroup members.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-4">CREATIVITY AND CONFLICT‐RELATED ATTITUDES</hd> <p>From an early age, individuals develop attitudes toward conflicts that are reinforced by the society in which they live (Bar‐Tal et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref58">14</reflink>]). While these attitudes tend to be highly resistant to change (Hornsey & Fielding, [<reflink idref="bib48" id="ref59">48</reflink>]), several cognitive interventions, among them providing contradictory information and paradoxical thinking, have been shown to affect attitudes (Bar‐Tal & Hameiri, [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref60">11</reflink>]), indicating that original, flexible and broad thinking may contribute to attitude change. Very few studies have demonstrated the link between creativity and attitudes (e.g., Groyecka et al., [<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref61">37</reflink>]). For example, Groyecka‐Bernard et al. ([<reflink idref="bib38" id="ref62">38</reflink>]) found that compared with the control conditions, creativity manipulations lead to higher ratings of positive attitudes toward minority groups. This suggests that individual differences in divergent thinking abilities may be related to individual tendencies to endorse conciliatory attitudes.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-5">SOCIO‐CULTURAL GROUP DIFFERENCES</hd> <p>Although creativity may exert a general effect on emotions and attitudes during conflicts, cultural and socio‐political factors may also play a role in how creativity affects emotions and attitudes. Previous research indicates that there are differences in emotional experience, perception, and expression across cultures (An et al., [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref63">5</reflink>]; Mesquita & Walker, [<reflink idref="bib66" id="ref64">66</reflink>]). For instance, Western cultures tend to encourage the expression of positive emotions more than do Eastern cultures (Kitayama et al., [<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref65">54</reflink>]). Additionally, conflict‐related attitudes vary between cultures, with individualistic and collectivistic cultures adopting different approaches toward conflict management and negotiations (Cai & Fink, [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref66">16</reflink>]). Moreover, cultural differences in creativity were reported in previous studies (e.g., Morris & Leung, [<reflink idref="bib67" id="ref67">67</reflink>]). Most studies reported higher creativity levels in Western than in non‐Western cultures. For example, Saeki et al. ([<reflink idref="bib79" id="ref68">79</reflink>]) found that the TTCT (Torrance Test of Creative Thinking) scores of American students are higher than those of Japanese students. Although both Israelis and Palestinians are from non‐Western cultures, most Israelis are secular and urban, and are considered a Westernized group (Sagy et al., [<reflink idref="bib80" id="ref69">80</reflink>]). In addition to cultural differences, the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict is asymmetric in nature, with the Israelis representing the majority and the stronger side in the conflict (Aggestam, [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref70">2</reflink>]). Therefore, beyond basic human individual differences in creativity, cultural and socio‐political differences may affect the relationship among creativity, emotions, and attitudes.</p> <p>To address the aforementioned goals, we conducted one cross‐sectional study with two samples: Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs (Israeli Arabs who identify themselves as Palestinians). We assessed their levels of creativity using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT; Torrance, [<reflink idref="bib94" id="ref71">94</reflink>]), a validated test of divergent thinking. In addition, participants completed the Attitudes toward the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict questionnaire (AIPC questionnaire; Nathan‐Gamliel et al., unpublished), a measure of attitudes, and a questionnaire examining outgroup‐targeted emotions (Ybarra & Stephan, [<reflink idref="bib102" id="ref72">102</reflink>]). Based on the literature review we selected the positive and negative emotions mostly associated with intergroup conflicts. Given that hate, fear and anger are the most dominant negative emotions reported during intergroup conflict (Bar‐Tal et al., [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref73">13</reflink>]; Halperin, [<reflink idref="bib40" id="ref74">40</reflink>]), and that understanding and affection are associated with more positive attitudes toward the outgroup (Aberson & Haag, [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref75">1</reflink>]; Korol et al., [<reflink idref="bib55" id="ref76">55</reflink>]); in the current study, we assessed these five emotions: hate, fear, anger, understanding, and affection. As we sought to investigate cognitive abilities that contribute to conflict‐related emotions and attitudes, we focused on divergent thinking rather than examining personality traits such as open‐mindedness and novelty‐seeking. Although creativity consists of several components, here we focused on originality and flexibility, which are the major components of creativity. Thus, we hypothesized that both originality and flexibility scores would positively predict positive emotions and attitudes (confirmatory hypothesis). Moreover, previous studies have shown that attitudes tend to be highly resistant to change, so that it is very difficult to influence them directly. Yet emotions have been found to affect attitudes (Hornsey & Fielding, [<reflink idref="bib48" id="ref77">48</reflink>]; Porat et al., [<reflink idref="bib71" id="ref78">71</reflink>]). Thus, we also expected that positive emotions would mediate the relationship between creativity and positive attitudes (confirmatory hypothesis; see Figure 1). In addition, an increase in creativity was expected to be associated with increase in positive attitudes due to increase in positive emotions. Lastly, building on studies showing cultural and socio‐political differences in emotions and attitudes (An et al., [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref79">5</reflink>]; Cai & Fink, [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref80">16</reflink>]; Mesquita & Walker, [<reflink idref="bib66" id="ref81">66</reflink>]), we were also interested in comparing the relationship between creativity and outgroup‐targeted emotions among Israelis and Palestinians (exploratory hypothesis).</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/3U7/01jun23/jocb576-fig-0001.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMMvl7ESepq84yOvsOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="jocb576-fig-0001.jpg" title="1 Mediation model. Factors contributing to the relationship among creativity, outgroup‐targeted emotions, and attitudes. Here, we focus on originality and flexibility. A mediation effect was also expected. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]" /> </p> <p></p> <hd id="AN0164305890-7">METHOD</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0164305890-8">PARTICIPANTS</hd> <p>Sample size was pre‐determined using G*Power (Faul et al., [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref82">27</reflink>]). We aimed to conduct hierarchical multiple linear regressions with three independent variables (creativity, nationality, and the interaction between them). Based on G*Power estimation, in order to obtain a medium effect size of 0.15 (Cohen, [<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref83">21</reflink>]) with an error probability of 0.05 and power of 0.95 in hierarchical multiple linear regressions, a sample size of 89 was required. We recruited 130 participants through an advertisement the investigators posted at the University of Haifa. We excluded participants from our sample who had no clear national identity (based on a questionnaire asking participants to rate the extent to which they identify as Israelis or Palestinians). We therefore included only Arab participants who rated their ethnic identification as 100% Palestinian and Jewish participants who rated their nationality as Israeli. The final sample included sixty‐five Israeli Jews (21 men, 44 women) and 41 Palestinian Arabs (Israeli Arabs that identify as Palestinians; 9 men, 32 women) (mean age = 23.97 years, SD = 4.90). Participants received either monetary compensation for their time or (when applicable) academic credit points for participation. All participants were right‐handed, had normal or corrected‐to‐normal vision, and reported no neurological or psychiatric history. Approval for the study was obtained from the local Ethics Committee and participants enrolled only after signing the informed consent form.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-9">MEASURES</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0164305890-10">Torrance test of creative thinking</hd> <p>To assess creativity, we used a subset of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT; Torrance, [<reflink idref="bib94" id="ref84">94</reflink>]) in which individuals are instructed to draw as many objects or pictures as possible, using 36 circles as the main part of their drawings. Participants were asked to write down a name for each drawing next to it. They were given 10 minutes to complete the task. Responses were rated by an expert rater for fluency, flexibility, and originality according to the scoring guide (Torrance, [<reflink idref="bib94" id="ref85">94</reflink>]). The fluency measure represents the number of relevant drawings. Flexibility represents the number of different categories into which the participant's responses can be classified. For example, glasses, clown, and sunflower were divided into three different categories (apparel, human beings, and flower), while rose, sunflower, and flower were assigned to the same category (flower). Sixty‐eight categories were derived from the manual, and we added two additional categories (fictional characters; computers and smartphones), for a total of seventy categories. As indicated by the manual, originality is measured by ideas that are statistically infrequent: Responses given by 10% or more of the participants are awarded no credit, responses provided by 5–9.99% are awarded one point, responses provided by 2–4.99% are awarded two points, and responses provided by less than 2% are awarded three points. The originality score is the total of the points summed across all responses. Additionally, we divided the flexibility and originality scores by the fluency score to take uncreative drawings into consideration and impose a penalty for generating them (Plucker, [<reflink idref="bib70" id="ref86">70</reflink>]; Silvia et al., [<reflink idref="bib85" id="ref87">85</reflink>]). The total creativity score was calculated as the mean of the final originality and flexibility scores.</p> <p>Previous studies suggest that the fluency score shows almost no correlation with creative performance (Plucker, [<reflink idref="bib70" id="ref88">70</reflink>]). This is because the quantity of generated ideas is not meaningful if the ideas are not original (Runco et al., [<reflink idref="bib77" id="ref89">77</reflink>]). For that reason, we did not include fluency in the total creativity score. Additionally, while some research on creativity includes separate analyses of these components (Groyecka et al., [<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref90">37</reflink>]), other studies chose to generate a total score by calculating the mean score of the components (Ivancovsky et al., [<reflink idref="bib50" id="ref91">50</reflink>]). In the current study, we were not interested in the total score but were specifically interested in the originality and flexibility scores.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-11">Questionnaire measuring outgroup‐targeted emotions toward outgroup members</hd> <p>To assess participants' emotions toward outgroup members, we asked them to rate the extent to which they feel hate, affection, fear, understanding, and anger toward the outgroup. This questionnaire resembles the questionnaire measuring emotional responses developed by Ybarra and Stephan ([<reflink idref="bib102" id="ref92">102</reflink>]). The Jewish participants were asked in Hebrew to rate the extent to which they feel these emotions toward Israeli Arabs, on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (to a very high degree), while the Arab participants were asked in Arabic to do the same with respect to Israeli Jews. The mean scores for the positive emotions (affection, understanding) and the negative emotions (hate, fear, anger) were calculated separately. Because of the significant correlation between the two scales (<emph>r</emph> = −.26, <emph>p</emph> < .01), we created a general outgroup‐targeted emotion variable by calculating the mean of positive emotions and the reversed value of negative emotions, such that high scores represent positive emotions and low scores reflect negative emotions.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-12">Attitudes toward the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict questionnaire (AIPC)</hd> <p>To assess aggressive and conciliatory attitudes, we administered the AIPC questionnaire based on the work of Halperin et al. ([<reflink idref="bib42" id="ref93">42</reflink>]) and Rosler et al. ([<reflink idref="bib73" id="ref94">73</reflink>]). We made some modifications to this version of the questionnaire, as validated by the work of Nathan‐Gamliel et al. (unpublished). The questionnaire has two versions: one in Hebrew for Jewish participants and one in Arabic for Palestinian participants (see Supporting Information Appendix S1). The Hebrew version comprises 11 self‐report items: Six items reflect conciliatory attitudes (e.g., "In exchange for peace and an end to the conflict with the Palestinians, to what extent do you support the division of Jerusalem?" (i.e., a situation in which Israel relinquishes its control over Arab neighborhoods in East Jerusalem)) (<emph>α</emph> = .75). The other five items reflecting aggressive attitudes (<emph>α</emph> = .76). The Arabic version contains 18 items, with seven items reflecting conciliatory attitudes (<emph>α</emph> = .79) and 11 items reflecting aggressive attitudes (e.g., "Even if there is complete equality between Jews and Palestinians in Israel, we will not be silent until all the lands are under the control of Palestine, including Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa") (<emph>α</emph> = .81). For each item, respondents were asked to rate the extent to which they agree with the statement, on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = "strongly disagree" to 6 = "strongly agree." The means of the conciliatory items and the aggressive items were calculated separately. We reversed the aggressive scores, such that a score of 6 was converted to 1, and so on. Again, because of the significant correlation between the two scales (<emph>r</emph> = −.7, <emph>p</emph> < .001), we calculated a variable representing general attitude toward the conflict, with high scores reflecting positive attitudes.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-13">PROCEDURE</hd> <p>Participants arrived at the lab and were asked to sit in an isolated testing room. After signing the informed consent form, they were asked to leave their belongings aside in order to prevent any distractions. To rule out the possibility that performing the TTCT task activates creative thinking and affects emotional ratings and attitudes, the order of the measures was counterbalanced. Half of the participants were initially given instructions for the TTCT task and then completed a set of demographic questions, the AIPC questionnaire, and the Emotions questionnaire. The order of the tasks was reversed for the other participants.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-14">STATISTICAL ANALYSIS</hd> <p>Initially, Pearson correlations were calculated to test potential relationships between the variables. We then employed two hierarchical multiple linear regressions, with outgroup‐targeted emotions and attitudes toward the conflict as the dependent variables. In the first step, we entered only the creativity measurement. In the second step, we added the variable of nationality. The interaction between creativity measurements and nationality was added in the last step. This analysis allowed us to identify what nationality and the interaction between nationality and creativity measurements contributed to the variance of the dependent variables, beyond the creativity measurement. Lastly, we employed mediated analysis to examine the mediating effect of outgroup‐targeted emotions on the relationship between creativity and attitude toward the conflict.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-15">RESULTS</hd> <p>Table 1 shows the means and standard deviations of the experimental measures for both Israelis and Palestinians. To confirm that there were no differences between Israelis and Palestinians with respect to gender, we first carried out a Chi‐square test that revealed no nationality differences with respect to gender (<emph>χ</emph><sups>2</sups> (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref95">1</reflink>) = 0.87, <emph>p</emph> = .352). Next, we carried out t‐tests to examine differences between Israelis and Palestinians with respect to the creativity measures. As reported in the table, there were no significant differences between the groups for flexibility (<emph>t</emph>(63.79) = −0.36, <emph>p</emph> = .723), originality (<emph>t</emph>(77.78) = 1.67, <emph>p</emph> = .098), or total creativity score (<emph>t</emph>(72.79) = 1.42, <emph>p</emph> = .159).</p> <p>1 Table Mean values (and standard deviations) of the experimental measures by nationality</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left">Variables</th><th align="left"><italic>Israelis</italic> (<italic>N</italic> = 65)</th><th align="left">Palestinians (<italic>N</italic> = 41)</th><th align="left">Total (<italic>N</italic> = 106)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>Originality</td><td>1.30 (0.49)</td><td>1.10 (0.55)</td><td>1.20 (0.52)</td></tr><tr><td>Flexibility</td><td>0.70 (0.14)</td><td>0.72 (0.20)</td><td>0.71 (0.16)</td></tr><tr><td>Total creativity</td><td>1.00 (0.25)</td><td>0.93 (0.31)</td><td>0.98 (0.28)</td></tr><tr><td>Positive outgroup‐targeted emotions</td><td>3.50 (0.73)</td><td>3.10 (0.61)</td><td>3.30 (0.70)</td></tr><tr><td>Positive attitude toward the conflict</td><td>3.40 (1.10)</td><td>3.20 (0.67)</td><td>3.30 (0.98)</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>As depicted in Figure 2, Pearson correlations with Bonferroni corrections were computed to test potential relationships between the variables. These analyses revealed that the total creativity scores marginally correlated with outgroup‐targeted emotions (<emph>r</emph> = .25, <emph>p</emph> < .05) and attitude toward the conflict (<emph>r</emph> = .23, <emph>p</emph> < .05). The analyses further revealed that originality positively correlated with outgroup‐targeted emotions (<emph>r</emph> = .26, <emph>p</emph> < .01) and marginally correlated with attitudes toward the conflict (<emph>r</emph> = .23, <emph>p</emph> < .05). Outgroup‐targeted emotions and attitudes toward the conflict were also positively related to each other (<emph>r</emph> = .45, <emph>p</emph> < .001). Otherwise, none of the correlations with flexibility was significant (see Figure 2). Table 2 depicts all the correlation coefficient values. The correlations with the total creativity score clearly are based on the originality score. Thus, in predicting outgroup‐targeted emotions and attitudes toward the conflict, we included only the originality measure.</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/3U7/01jun23/jocb576-fig-0002.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMMvl7ESepq84yOvsOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="jocb576-fig-0002.jpg" title="2 Pearson correlations analysis with Bonferroni corrections between the experimental measures. The color, color intensity, and size of the circles are proportional to the correlation coefficients. Blue color represents positive correlations. On the right side, the legend color displays the correlation coefficients and the corresponding colors. Asterisks indicate significance at the 0.01 level (2‐tailed), and triangles indicate marginal significance. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]" /> </p> <p></p> <p>2 Table Correlation coefficient values between the experimental measures</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left">Variables</th><th align="left">Originality</th><th align="left">Flexibility</th><th align="left">Total creativity</th><th align="left">Outgroup‐targeted emotions</th><th align="left">Positive attitude toward the conflict</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>Originality</td><td /><td align="char" char=".">0.07</td><td align="char" char=".">0.96<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn2" /></td><td>0.26<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn2" /></td><td>0.23<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn1" /></td></tr><tr><td>Flexibility</td><td /><td /><td align="char" char=".">0.36<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn2" /></td><td>0.00</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>Total creativity</td><td /><td /><td /><td>0.25<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn1" /></td><td>0.23<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn1" /></td></tr><tr><td>Positive outgroup‐targeted emotions</td><td /><td /><td /><td /><td>0.45<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>1 a Marginal significant.</p> <p>2 * <emph>p</emph> < 0.01.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-17">MAIN ANALYSES</hd> <p>To test whether the originality measure predicts emotions toward outgroup members, whether this prediction differs for Israelis and Palestinians, and whether there are differences across nationality in outgroup‐targeted emotions, we conducted the first three‐stage hierarchal multiple regression analysis with outgroup‐targeted emotions as the dependent variable (Table 3). This analysis revealed that in the first stage, originality made a significant contribution to the regression model (<emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref96">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib104" id="ref97">104</reflink>) = 7.84, <emph>p</emph> < .01), accounting for 7% of the variance in outgroup‐targeted emotions. Adding nationality to the regression model explained an additional 4% of the variance in outgroup‐targeted emotions, and the change in <emph>R</emph><sups>2</sups> square was also significant (<emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref98">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib103" id="ref99">103</reflink>) = 4.65, <emph>p</emph> < .05). yet adding the interaction between these variables was not significant (<emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref100">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib102" id="ref101">102</reflink>) = 0.53, <emph>p</emph> = .467), indicating that nationality did not moderate the relationship between originality and outgroup‐targeted emotions. Together, nationality and originality accounted for 11% of the variance in outgroup‐targeted emotions. The results suggest that greater originality predicts more positive emotions and fewer negative emotions toward the outgroup among both Israelis and Palestinians (see Figure 3). Additionally, Israelis (M = 3.50, SD = 0.73) showed, on average, more positive emotions and fewer negative emotions toward the outgroup than Palestinians (M = 3.10, SD = 0.61).</p> <p>3 Table Summary of hierarchical regression analyses for the two models</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left">Model</th><th>DV</th><th>Stage</th><th>Variable</th><th align="left"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="left">SE</th><th align="left">T</th><th align="char" char="."><italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th><italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> change</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>1</td><td>Positive outgroup‐targeted emotions</td><td>1</td><td>Originality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.36</td><td align="char" char=".">0.13</td><td align="char" char=".">2.80<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn4" /></td><td align="char" char=".">.07</td><td>.07<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn4" /></td></tr><tr><td /><td /><td>2</td><td>Originality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.31</td><td align="char" char=".">0.13</td><td align="char" char=".">2.45<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td><td align="char" char=".">.11</td><td>.04<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td></tr><tr><td /><td /><td /><td>Nationality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.29</td><td align="char" char=".">0.13</td><td align="char" char=".">2.16<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td /><td /><td>3</td><td>Originality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.21</td><td align="char" char=".">0.19</td><td align="char" char=".">1.08</td><td align="char" char=".">.11</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td /><td /><td /><td>Nationality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.06</td><td align="char" char=".">0.34</td><td align="char" char=".">0.19</td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td /><td /><td /><td>Int(Originality, nationality)</td><td align="char" char=".">0.19</td><td align="char" char=".">0.26</td><td align="char" char=".">0.73</td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Positive attitude toward the conflict</td><td>1</td><td>Originality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.43</td><td align="char" char=".">0.18</td><td align="char" char=".">2.39<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td><td align="char" char=".">.05</td><td>.05<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td></tr><tr><td /><td /><td>2</td><td>Originality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.42</td><td align="char" char=".">0.18</td><td align="char" char=".">2.27<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td><td align="char" char=".">.05</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td /><td /><td /><td>Nationality</td><td align="char" char=".">0.1</td><td align="char" char=".">0.19</td><td align="char" char=".">0.51</td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td /><td /><td>3</td><td>Originality</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.05</td><td align="char" char=".">0.27</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.19</td><td align="char" char=".">.1</td><td>.05<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td></tr><tr><td /><td /><td /><td>Nationality</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.92</td><td align="char" char=".">0.48</td><td align="char" char=".">−1.91</td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td /><td /><td /><td>Int(Originality, nationality)</td><td align="char" char=".">0.84</td><td align="char" char=".">0.36</td><td align="char" char=".">2.31<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tfn3" /></td><td /><td /></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <ulist> <item>3 * <emph>p</emph> < .05.</item> <item>4 ** <emph>p</emph> < .01.</item> <item>5 ***<emph>p</emph> < .001.</item> </ulist> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/3U7/01jun23/jocb576-fig-0003.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMMvl7ESepq84yOvsOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="jocb576-fig-0003.jpg" title="3 The relationship between originality and outgroup‐targeted emotions for both nationalities. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]" /> </p> <p></p> <p>Next, we tested whether originality predicts attitude toward the conflict, whether this prediction is different for Israelis and Palestinians, and whether there are differences in attitude toward the conflict across nationality. To test this, we conducted a second three‐stage hierarchal multiple regression analysis, with attitude toward the conflict as the dependent variable. The findings are shown in Table 3. The hierarchical multiple regression revealed that originality alone predicted a change in attitude toward the conflict (<emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref102">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib104" id="ref103">104</reflink>) = 5.72, <emph>p</emph> < .05) and accounted for 5.2% of the variance in attitude toward the conflict. Adding nationality to the regression model did not explain any additional variance in attitude toward the conflict (<emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref104">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib103" id="ref105">103</reflink>) = 0.27, <emph>p</emph> = .602). However, the interaction between these variables was statistically significant, and its addition made a significant contribution to the regression model (<emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref106">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib102" id="ref107">102</reflink>) = 5.32, <emph>p</emph> < .05), indicating that nationality moderated the relationship between originality and attitude toward the conflict. The final model accounted for 10.15% of the variance in attitudes. In order to understand the nature of the interaction, we conducted simple regression analyses to predict attitude toward the conflict based on originality at the various levels of nationality. The findings revealed a positive relationship between originality and attitude toward the conflict among Israelis (<emph>β</emph> = 0.79, <emph>p</emph> < .01). By contrast, among Palestinians, no relationship was found (<emph>β</emph> = −0.05, <emph>p</emph> = .797). The results suggest that greater originality predicts more positive attitudes and fewer negative attitudes toward the outgroup for Israelis but not Palestinians (see Figure 4).</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/3U7/01jun23/jocb576-fig-0004.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMMvl7ESepq84yOvsOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="jocb576-fig-0004.jpg" title="4 The relationship between originality and attitude toward the conflict for both nationalities. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]" /> </p> <p></p> <hd id="AN0164305890-20">MEDIATION ANALYSES</hd> <p>In order to rule out the possibility that creativity mediates the relationship between emotions and attitudes and not the other way around, we relied on Baron and Kenny ([<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref108">7</reflink>]) and on Preacher and Hayes' bootstrapping method (Hayes, [<reflink idref="bib44" id="ref109">44</reflink>]; Preacher & Hayes, [<reflink idref="bib72" id="ref110">72</reflink>]). The analysis showed that the total effect of outgroup‐targeted emotions on attitude toward the conflict (<emph>b</emph> = 0.63, <emph>p</emph> < .001; 95% CI [0.38, 0.88]) was still significant when originality was added to the equation (<emph>b</emph> = 0.58, <emph>p</emph> < .001; 95% CI [0.33, 0.84]). The indirect effect of outgroup‐targeted emotions on attitude toward the conflict via originality was not significant (<emph>b</emph> = 0.04, <emph>p</emph> = .21; 95% CI [−0.02, 0.14]). Hence, creativity does not mediate the relationship between outgroup‐targeted emotions and attitude toward the conflict.</p> <p>To test whether outgroup‐targeted emotions mediated the relationship between originality and attitude toward the conflict, we relied on Baron and Kenny ([<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref111">7</reflink>]) and on Preacher and Hayes' bootstrapping method (Hayes, [<reflink idref="bib44" id="ref112">44</reflink>]; Preacher & Hayes, [<reflink idref="bib72" id="ref113">72</reflink>]). As shown in Figure 5, the total effect of originality on attitude toward the conflict (<emph>b</emph> = 0.43, <emph>p</emph> < .05; 95% CI [0.03, 0.77]) was rendered not significant when outgroup‐targeted emotions were added to the equation (<emph>b</emph> = 0.22, <emph>p</emph> = .215; 95% CI [−0.15, 0.54]). The indirect effect of originality on attitude toward the conflict via outgroup‐targeted emotions was significant (<emph>b</emph> = 0.21, <emph>p</emph> < .05; 95% CI [0.05, 0.39]). Hence, outgroup‐targeted emotions fully mediate the relationship between originality and attitude toward the conflict.</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/3U7/01jun23/jocb576-fig-0005.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMMvl7ESepq84yOvsOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="jocb576-fig-0005.jpg" title="5 Standardized path coefficients for the association between originality and attitudes as mediated by outgroup‐targeted emotions. The standardized coefficient between originality and attitude toward the conflict, controlling for emotions, is in parentheses. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001" /> </p> <p></p> <p>Given that we found that nationality contributed to the correlation between originality and attitude toward the conflict, we were interested in the moderated effect of nationality on the mediated relationship between originality and attitude toward the conflict. To test the moderated mediation effect, we relied on the same bootstrapping method. The results indicate that the indirect effect of originality on attitude toward the conflict through outgroup‐targeted emotions was significant only for Israelis (<emph>b</emph> = 0.23, <emph>p</emph> < .05; 95% CI [0.01, 0.44]) but not for Palestinians (<emph>b</emph> = 0.12, <emph>p</emph> = .230; 95% CI [−0.0595, 0.41]). Yet there was no significant difference between the two effects (95% CI [−0.24, 0.39]). Thus, even though the indirect effect is significant for Israelis but not for Palestinians, we cannot conclude that the mediation model is moderated by nationality.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-22">DISCUSSION</hd> <p>We sought to examine how conflict‐related emotions and attitudes are related to creativity—a cognitive capacity that may contribute to emotion and attitude change in the context of a conflict. More specifically, the study investigated whether emotions experienced toward an outgroup mediate the link between creativity and conflict‐related attitudes. We hypothesized that people who have higher levels of creativity will report reduced levels of negative emotions and increased conciliatory attitudes.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-23">RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORIGINALITY, EMOTIONS, AND ATTITUDES</hd> <p>The current results support the hypothesis that originality scores will predict outgroup‐targeted emotions and attitudes. Our results suggest that participants who score, on average, higher on originality report higher levels of positive emotions and lower levels of negative emotions toward the outgroup. Likewise, the results show that higher originality predicts higher levels of conciliatory attitudes and lower levels of aggressive attitudes toward the conflict. Indeed, Rossmann and Fink ([<reflink idref="bib74" id="ref114">74</reflink>]) found that the more original individuals are, the less distance they estimate between unrelated concepts. Thus, it is possible that herding mode, behavioral alignment, and cognitions of organisms within a group tend to be inhibited among these individuals (Shamay‐Tsoory et al., [<reflink idref="bib82" id="ref115">82</reflink>]). As a result, they share fewer outgroup‐targeted emotions and are less confined by social constraints to hold negative attitudes toward the outgroup (Han, [<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref116">43</reflink>]; Howard et al., [<reflink idref="bib49" id="ref117">49</reflink>]). These findings are in line with previous research that examined the link between creative thinking and intergroup relations and found a relationship between the two. Evidence shows that engagement in the arts is positively related to prosocial behaviors (Vyver & Abrams, [<reflink idref="bib97" id="ref118">97</reflink>]). A recent study that examined children's cultural sensitivity found that creative thinking, especially originality, is linked to an increase in cultural sensitivity (Groyecka et al., [<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref119">37</reflink>]). Along the same lines, another study demonstrated that priming a creative mindset decreased the activation of stereotypic thinking (Sassenberg & Moskowitz, [<reflink idref="bib81" id="ref120">81</reflink>]). Yet, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first study to link creative thinking to emotions and attitudes in the context of an actual and ongoing ethnic conflict.</p> <p>While the literature so far suggested that positive emotions increase creativity, in the current manuscript we are advocating in favor of the opposite direction of the relationship, as reported by Chermahini and Hommel ([<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref121">19</reflink>]). Nonetheless, we believe that both directions are possible and there is a mutual influence between creativity and emotions. Future studies may test causality by developing creativity interventions that are aimed at changing outgroup‐targeted emotions.</p> <p>An important finding of our study is that emotions fully mediated the link between levels of originality and attitude toward the conflict. This result is consistent with previous research suggesting that outgroup‐targeted emotions are associated with the emergence of intergroup attitudes (Hewstone et al., [<reflink idref="bib46" id="ref122">46</reflink>]; Stephan & Stephan, [<reflink idref="bib90" id="ref123">90</reflink>]). In addition, negative emotions in conflicts have been shown to trigger negative attitudes (e.g., Bar‐Tal et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref124">14</reflink>]; Kruglanski, [<reflink idref="bib56" id="ref125">56</reflink>]; Kunda, [<reflink idref="bib58" id="ref126">58</reflink>]), as also supported by findings showing a strong connection between emotions and attitudes. It should be noted that the effect of emotions on aggressive and conciliatory attitudes in the context of a conflict has received prominent attention in the literature (e.g., Gross et al., [<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref127">35</reflink>]). For example, Halperin et al. ([<reflink idref="bib42" id="ref128">42</reflink>]) found that the use of cognitive reappraisal to regulate anger provoked by pictures related to the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict led to more support for conciliatory attitudes and less support for aggressive attitudes among Israeli participants. It is possible that attitude change can be achieved by altering people's emotions and broadening their thinking styles. Indeed, in accordance with the broaden‐and‐build theory (Fredrickson, [<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref129">31</reflink>]), positive emotions broaden an individual's thinking while negative emotions have the opposite effect.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-24">RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLEXIBILITY, EMOTIONS, AND ATTITUDES</hd> <p>Contrary to our original hypothesis, flexibility scores did not predict outgroup‐targeted emotions and attitudes. Flexible individuals generate a variety of ideas for themselves and avoid relying on conventional ones (Guilford, [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref130">39</reflink>]). In the context of intergroup relations, these individuals may overcome functional fixedness by perceiving that group members belong to categories other than to those they were initially assigned. Thus, we predicted that flexibility may contribute to blurring intergroup boundaries by decreasing the automatic salience of group categorization (Turner et al., [<reflink idref="bib96" id="ref131">96</reflink>]). Yet, although previous research has shown that blurring group boundaries affect intergroup relations (Cikara et al., [<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref132">20</reflink>]; Crisp & Hewstone, [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref133">24</reflink>]), this has proved to be ineffective in the case of majority and minority subgroups (Dovidio et al., [<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref134">26</reflink>]). In contrast to the variable of idea flexibility, idea originality has been shown to predict emotions and attitudes. Hence, originality may contribute to generating associations that are uncommon, remote, infrequent, and rare relative to existing ones (Guilford, [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref135">39</reflink>]; Torrance, [<reflink idref="bib93" id="ref136">93</reflink>]). Therefore, in the case of asymmetric relations between groups, it appears that attributing another category to an outgroup is not as helpful as having remote unconventional associations. Future research is needed to replicate the results and examine these relationships in symmetric group relations.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-25">SOCIO‐CULTURAL GROUP DIFFERENCES</hd> <p>Lastly, our findings of differences between Israelis and Palestinians indicate that beyond basic individual differences, cultural and socio‐political factors may affect how creativity, emotions, and attitudes are related (An et al., [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref137">5</reflink>]; Cai & Fink, [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref138">16</reflink>]; Mesquita & Walker, [<reflink idref="bib66" id="ref139">66</reflink>]; Morris & Leung, [<reflink idref="bib67" id="ref140">67</reflink>]). In accordance with previous studies that found cultural differences in emotional expression (e.g., Kitayama et al., [<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref141">54</reflink>]), we found nationality‐based differences in emotions, with Israelis reporting, on average, more positive emotions and less negative emotions toward the outgroup than Palestinians. Yet the findings of our study do not reveal any cultural differences in creativity or in attitudes, unlike previous findings suggesting cultural differences in conflict‐related attitudes and creativity levels (Cai & Fink, [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref142">16</reflink>]; Saeki et al., [<reflink idref="bib79" id="ref143">79</reflink>]).</p> <p>Our findings also show that only Israeli participants with higher levels of originality also reported higher levels of conciliatory attitudes and lower levels of aggressive attitudes toward the conflict. The Israeli‐Palestinian conflict is asymmetric in nature, with the Israelis representing the majority and the stronger side in the conflict while the Palestinians are considered to be the victims, the weaker party (Aggestam, [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref144">2</reflink>]). In conflicts of this nature, the victims may feel they are in an inferior position due to their limited options to react to the conflict (Foster & Rusbult, [<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref145">30</reflink>]). By contrast, the perpetrators may feel inferior with respect to their moral image (Baumeister & Exline, [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref146">15</reflink>]; Zechmeister & Romero, [<reflink idref="bib103" id="ref147">103</reflink>]). As a result, in asymmetric conflicts, the weaker party seeks to regain its sense of power and return control to its hands (Foster & Rusbult, [<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref148">30</reflink>]), whereas the stronger party has the need to feel rehumanized and strives to restore its public moral image (Shnabel & Nadler, [<reflink idref="bib84" id="ref149">84</reflink>]). Additionally, the weaker side is concerned about being the target of prejudice, while the stronger side worries about being perceived as prejudiced (e.g., Shelton, [<reflink idref="bib83" id="ref150">83</reflink>]). Thus, it could be speculated that the stronger side (the Israelis) in our study exhibited more positive emotions and less negative emotions toward the outgroup than the weaker side (Palestinians) due to an implicit desire to appear less prejudiced and more moral. Furthermore, the weaker side, which seeks to regain power, tends to have more rigid attitudes, which may be less influenced by creativity (e.g., Cole et al., [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref151">23</reflink>]; Tropp & Pettigrew, [<reflink idref="bib95" id="ref152">95</reflink>]). Note, however, that not all the correlations differed between the two nationalities. The Palestinian participants in this study are Israeli Arabs and not Palestinians living in the occupied territories. Hence the difference might be more moderate, as the asymmetry of the Israeli‐Arab conflict is different from that of the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict (Aggestam, [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref153">2</reflink>]). Future empirical research is needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying creativity intervention and its differential applicability to different groups.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-26">LIMITATIONS</hd> <p>While the findings of this study seem promising, several limitations should be mentioned. First, because the study is a correlational study, no conclusions can be drawn about causal relationships. Future research is needed to determine whether an intervention to manipulate creativity would be beneficial in changing emotions toward an outgroup and would consequently lead to a change in attitudes. Second, the effect size in the hierarchal multiple regression analysis is weak. Future research should replicate these findings with larger samples and equal cell sizes. Third, there were fewer Palestinian participants than Israeli participants due to the screening procedure, which excluded participants with no clear Palestinian identity. We recruited Israeli Arabs who identify themselves as Palestinians belonging to a minority group in Israel rather than Palestinians living in the occupied territories. Although there is no specific cut‐off point where unequal cell sizes start to matter and although most software packages today adjust for these differences (Wickens & Keppel, [<reflink idref="bib100" id="ref154">100</reflink>]), unequal sample sizes do affect statistical power (Rusticus & Lovato, [<reflink idref="bib78" id="ref155">78</reflink>]). Hence, this limitation may serve as another possible interpretation of the difference found between the nationalities. Due to the conflictual relations and the difficulties in recruiting Palestinian participants, we recommend investigating these relationships via online surveys in future research.</p> <p>Fourth, other cultural differences not related to the conflict may have affected the results, such as different levels of individualism–collectivism in the two cultures (Hofstede, [<reflink idref="bib47" id="ref156">47</reflink>]) or different ways of expressing emotions (e.g., Parkinson et al., [<reflink idref="bib68" id="ref157">68</reflink>]). Fifth, it should be noted that in addition to originality and flexibility, Previous research has demonstrated that the openness to experience has been positively related to creativity and could explain the results. People who are highly open to experience tend to use divergent thinking (Silvia et al., [<reflink idref="bib85" id="ref158">85</reflink>]) and to be more involved in creative projects (Silvia et al., [<reflink idref="bib87" id="ref159">87</reflink>]). This suggests that openness to experience may contribute to increased creativity and that the relationship between creativity and intergroup relations can be mainly attributed to openness to experience. Hence, openness to experience may make people more open to novel attitudes and emotions. Indeed, people who are very open to experience tend to experience a wide range of emotions usually not experienced by people who are less open (Terracciano et al., [<reflink idref="bib92" id="ref160">92</reflink>]). As open‐mindedness could be a latent variable explaining the link between creativity and emotions, more research is needed to assess open‐mindedness and examine its contribution to conflict‐related emotions. Moreover, future studies might test other cultural samples and replicate our results with additional measures, among them openness to experience (McCrae & Sutin, [<reflink idref="bib64" id="ref161">64</reflink>]), intelligence (Kaufman & Plucker, [<reflink idref="bib53" id="ref162">53</reflink>]), and emotional intelligence (Geher et al., [<reflink idref="bib32" id="ref163">32</reflink>]).</p> <p>Finally, it should be noted that the originality scores were calculated based on statistical infrequency in the sample. Hence, they are dependent on the specific sample and may be biased by sample size (Forthmann et al., [<reflink idref="bib29" id="ref164">29</reflink>]). Scholars have suggested that in some cases, such as the case of a small sample size, originality should be calculated using subjective ratings (e.g., Silvia et al., [<reflink idref="bib85" id="ref165">85</reflink>]). Although our sample size may justify using infrequent ideas as a measure of originality, adding subjective measures of trained evaluators would be an interesting line of investigation in future studies.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-27">CONCLUSIONS</hd> <p>Our research sheds important light on the potential benefits of a practical intervention aimed at indirectly promoting attitudes. The results suggest that creativity is linked with conflict‐related emotions. Being original is associated with a decrease in negative outgroup‐targeted emotions and an increase in positive attitudes. Moreover, outgroup‐targeted emotions mediate the relationship between originality and conflict‐related attitudes. Although previous research has emphasized the benefits of creative thinking in helping overcome intergroup biases and consequently in breaking the resistance generated by attitudes (Groyecka, [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref166">36</reflink>]; Luria & Kaufman, [<reflink idref="bib61" id="ref167">61</reflink>]), only a few studies have examined this empirically. Taking all the aforementioned limitations into consideration, future research can help in understanding the effect of creativity training on peace‐making. If such training is proven effective, integrating creativity training in schools and peace‐building programs may help reduce hostility and resolve conflicts.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-28">Acknowledgements</hd> <p>This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF 2510/16) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (projects 31661143039).</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-29">Declaration of Conflicting Interest</hd> <p>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.</p> <hd id="AN0164305890-30">Data availability statement</hd> <p>Research data are not shared.</p> <p>GRAPH: Appendix S1. Attitudes toward the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict Questionnaire (translated to English).</p> <ref id="AN0164305890-31"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref75" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Aberson, C.L., & Haag, S.C. (2007). Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes. 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Header DbId: eric
DbLabel: ERIC
An: EJ1381032
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: The Relationship between Creativity and Attitudes toward Intergroup Conflicts
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fahoum%2C+Nardine%22">Fahoum, Nardine</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4482-2367">0000-0003-4482-2367</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pick%2C+Hadas%22">Pick, Hadas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rainer%2C+Shenhav%22">Rainer, Shenhav</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zoabi%2C+Dana%22">Zoabi, Dana</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Shihui%22">Han, Shihui</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shamay-Tsoory%2C+Simone%22">Shamay-Tsoory, Simone</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Creative+Behavior%22"><i>Journal of Creative Behavior</i></searchLink>. Jun 2023 57(2):268-284.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 17
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2023
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Creativity%22">Creativity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Conflict%22">Conflict</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intergroup+Relations%22">Intergroup Relations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Negative+Attitudes%22">Negative Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+Differences%22">Individual Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Arabs%22">Arabs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Jews%22">Jews</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Creative+Thinking%22">Creative Thinking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Creativity+Tests%22">Creativity Tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Positive+Attitudes%22">Positive Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thinking+Skills%22">Thinking Skills</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prediction%22">Prediction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comparative+Analysis%22">Comparative Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intervention%22">Intervention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Conflict+Resolution%22">Conflict Resolution</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Israel%22">Israel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Palestine%22">Palestine</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectThesaurus
  Label: Assessment and Survey Identifiers
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Torrance+Tests+of+Creative+Thinking%22">Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1002/jocb.576
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0022-0175<br />2162-6057
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The maintenance and escalation of intergroup conflicts have been explained by negative emotions and attitudes toward outgroup members. Considering that creative cognition entails the ability to generate diverse and new ideas, we sought to investigate whether creativity may contribute to overcoming negative emotions and attitudes associated with intergroup conflicts. Therefore, we examined whether individual differences in creativity predict conflict-related emotions and attitudes in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To that end, we recruited Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs who identify themselves as Palestinian and administered the Torrance task of divergent thinking to assess the levels of originality and flexibility of participants. We also measured outgroup-targeted emotions and attitudes toward the conflict. Results indicate that participants who demonstrate higher levels of original thinking, on average, reported higher levels of positive emotions toward outgroup members and were more supportive of conciliatory attitudes toward the conflict. Moreover, these associations were more evident among Israelis than among Palestinians. Finally, a mediation analysis demonstrated that originality predicts conciliatory attitudes through an increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions toward outgroup members. This relationship was not moderated by nationality. These findings suggest that interventions based on creativity training may be beneficial to encourage reconciliation.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2023
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1381032
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1381032
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/jocb.576
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 268
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Creativity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Conflict
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intergroup Relations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Negative Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Individual Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Arabs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Jews
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Creative Thinking
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Creativity Tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Positive Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thinking Skills
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Prediction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative Analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intervention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Conflict Resolution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Israel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Palestine
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Relationship between Creativity and Attitudes toward Intergroup Conflicts
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Fahoum, Nardine
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Pick, Hadas
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Rainer, Shenhav
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zoabi, Dana
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Han, Shihui
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Shamay-Tsoory, Simone
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0022-0175
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2162-6057
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 57
            – Type: issue
              Value: 2
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of Creative Behavior
              Type: main
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