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Comparing Dynamic Visual Acuity between Athletes Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing and Athletes Who Are Hearing

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Title: Comparing Dynamic Visual Acuity between Athletes Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing and Athletes Who Are Hearing
Language: English
Authors: Matthew P. Brancaleone, Laura C. Boucher, Jingzhen Yang, Daniel Merfeld, James A. Onate
Source: Journal of American College Health. 2025 73(1):27-30.
Availability: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 4
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Students with Disabilities, Student Athletes, Deafness, College Athletics, Hearing Impairments, College Students, Hearing (Physiology), Visual Acuity, Universities, Comparative Analysis, Head Injuries, Sports Medicine
Geographic Terms: Ohio (Columbus)
DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2198018
ISSN: 0744-8481
1940-3208
Abstract: This study examined the difference in the dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) between collegiate athletes who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (D/HoH) (n = 38) and university club-level athletes who are hearing (n = 38). Dynamic visual acuity was assessed using the Bertec Vision Advantage (Bertec® Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, USA). No statistically significant differences between athletes who are D/HoH and who are hearing were found in DVAT for leftward ([chi-squared] = 0.71, p = 0.40) or rightward ([chi-squared] = 0.04, p = 0.84) head yaw rotation around an earth vertical axis. Dynamic visual acuity was similar for athletes regardless of hearing status. Baseline DVAT data may be of use for post-injury management of athletes who are D/HoH.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1456842
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0182090931;acl01jan.25;2025Jan09.01:40;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0182090931-1">Comparing dynamic visual acuity between athletes who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and athletes who are hearing </title> <p>This study examined the difference in the dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) between collegiate athletes who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (D/HoH) (n = 38) and university club-level athletes who are hearing (n = 38). Dynamic visual acuity was assessed using the Bertec Vision Advantage (Bertec® Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, USA). No statistically significant differences between athletes who are D/HoH and who are hearing were found in DVAT for leftward (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.71, p = 0.40) or rightward (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.04, p = 0.84) head yaw rotation around an earth vertical axis. Dynamic visual acuity was similar for athletes regardless of hearing status. Baseline DVAT data may be of use for post-injury management of athletes who are D/HoH.</p> <p>Keywords: Athletes; sports; vision</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-2">Introduction</hd> <p>An estimated 1.6 to 3.8 million sports-related concussions occur in the United States annually[<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref1">1</reflink>] accounting for 5.8% of all injuries in collegiate athletics[<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref2">2</reflink>] with the majority occurring in football and female soccer.[<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref3">3</reflink>] These staggering numbers warrant health care providers to be appropriately equipped to educate and manage concussions across diverse cohorts of athletes.[<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref4">3</reflink>]</p> <p>An estimated 190,000 post-secondary students are deaf or hard-of-hearing (D/HoH) in the United States.[<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref5">4</reflink>] Individuals who are deaf have profound hearing loss while individuals who are hard-of-hearing have slight to severe hearing loss.[<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref6">5</reflink>] Many students participate in athletics ranging from collegiate club to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports; [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref7">6</reflink>] regardless of competition level, athletic participation puts athletes who are D/HoH at risk for concussion.[<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref8">7</reflink>] Although little is known on concussion management for athletes who are D/HoH, reports indicate that they have a similar concussion rate to athletes who are hearing.[<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref9">8</reflink>] According to the International Conference on Concussion in Sport, it is recommended that concussions in special populations, including athletes who are D/HoH, should be managed differently.[<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref10">9</reflink>]</p> <p>Due to the proximity of the vestibular apparatus to the cochlea, individuals who are D/HoH may exhibit vestibular dysfunction.[<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref11">10</reflink>] Decreased cognitive performance[<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref12">11</reflink>] and prolonged recovery[<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref13">12</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref14">13</reflink>] are associated with vestibular dysfunction following sport-related concussion. Of those who sustain a sports-related concussion, approximately 50% experience vestibular dysfunction[<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref15">14</reflink>] leading to a 6.4 times greater risk of protracted recovery[<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref16">15</reflink>] including increased likelihood of post-concussion syndrome[<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref17">12</reflink>] and delay in return to academic study.[<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref18">13</reflink>]</p> <p>A crucial function of the vestibular system is vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) which coordinates eye movements for clear vision during head movements.[<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref19">16</reflink>] Performance-based VOR assessments, such as the dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT), serve as objective measures to quantify VOR and VOR function via visual-vestibular interactions.[<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref20">17</reflink>] Implementing DVAT may identify clinical deficits not detected by other concussion assessments, especially in special populations. Previous authors suggest that decreased phases and VOR symmetry are poorer in some individuals who are D/HoH suggesting vestibular dysfunction.[<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref21">18</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref22">19</reflink>] However, others have found that factors, such as sport participation and the use of the visuospatial language, American Sign Language (ASL), may positively influence dynamic visual acuity (DVA) performance.[<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref23">20</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref24">21</reflink>]</p> <p>To our knowledge, no evidence currently exists regarding VOR function of young adult athletes who are D/HoH; due to potential vestibular dysfunction, VOR of athletes who are D/HoH may not be accurate. If discrepancies are not identified, it may negatively influence management and return-to-play decisions for these athletes. This study aimed to investigate (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref25">1</reflink>) differences in DVAT between athletes who are D/HoH and athletes who are hearing and (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref26">2</reflink>) differences in DVAT between athletes who are deaf and those who are hard-of-hearing. We hypothesized that athletes who are D/HoH would have poorer DVAT performance compared to athletes who are hearing, and athletes who are deaf would have poorer DVAT performance compared to athletes who are hard-of-hearing.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-3">Methods</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0182090931-4">Participants</hd> <p>Collegiate varsity athletes who are D/HoH from an NCAA Division III institution and club level athletes who are hearing from a different institution. Collegiate club athletes compete against other institutions but do not have varsity status. Eligible participants were athletes aged 18 to 30 years, and self-reported as either D/HoH or hearing; deaf was identified as profound hearing loss (91+ decibel loss), hard-of-hearing was slight to severe hearing loss (16–91+ decibel loss), and hearing was −10 to 15 decibel loss.[<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref27">5</reflink>] Exclusion criteria included a medical diagnosis of: (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref28">1</reflink>) concussion within 6 months of data collection, (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref29">2</reflink>) current post-concussion syndrome, (<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref30">3</reflink>) a mental health condition or legal blindness, and (<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref31">4</reflink>) current pregnancy.</p> <p>All participants were contacted and recruited via email. Athletes who were D/HoH could view the consent form via ASL interpreted video. All participants were required to sign a paper consent form. A study member who could communicate in ASL and English was present during the consent process and data collections.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-5">Instrumentation</hd> <p>The Bertec Vision Advantage (Bertec<sups>®</sups> Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, USA) was used to perform the DVAT via inertial measurement unit (sampling frequency 175 Hz). The device was placed on the participant's forehead, held by a headband, to measure velocity and directionality of head rotations. All DVAT outcomes were in Logarithm of Minimum Angle of Resolution (LogMar) units.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-6">Questionnaire</hd> <p>Participants answered questions regarding sex, primary sport participation, history of concussion(s) and hearing status prior to data collection. Additionally, athletes who are D/HoH answered questions regarding hearing loss onset, history of cochlear implantation surgery, and self-reported degree of hearing loss on each side.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-7">Assessments</hd> <p>Baseline visual acuity (BLVA), visual processing time (VPT), and DVAT were assessed using the Bertec Vision Advantage. BLVA and VPT were used as DVAT baseline measurements. Participants were permitted to wear corrective contact lenses during all testing if they used them during sport participation. Glasses were prohibited due to a prismatic effect that could influence the results. Participants sat five feet away from the computer screen at eye level.</p> <p>To assess BLVA, a blocked-letter letter "E" (optotype) flashed on the screen pointed in one of four directions (up, down, left, or right). Participants were asked to identify the direction of the optotype when it disappeared from the screen. For BLVA, the optotype grew larger for a wrong answer and smaller for a correct answer until the software algorithm calculated BLVA. The same methodology was used to assess VPT except the optotype remained on the screen longer for incorrect answers and for less time with correct answers. The shortest VPT allowed was 30 milliseconds.</p> <p>To assess DVA, the participant's head was passively rotated 20° in each direction with a target velocity of 100°/sec in rotation around an earth vertical axis per the Bertec Vision Advantage DVA protocol. DVA was assessed with a maximum of 20 trials for each side until the software algorithm determined DVA.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-8">Statistical analysis</hd> <p>Descriptive statistics were run to report demographics. Chi-square exact tests were performed to assess the association between demographics and hearing status. Preliminary Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests revealed that sex (leftward DVA: p = 0.23; rightward DVA: p = 0.65) and concussion history (leftward DVA: p = 0.30; rightward DVA: p = 0.70) were not significant factors; therefore, they were not included in the final model.</p> <p>Kruskal-Wallis tests were run to identify if differences existed in leftward and rightward DVA between (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref32">1</reflink>) athletes who are hearing and D/HoH and (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref33">2</reflink>) athletes who are deaf and who are hard-of-hearing. DVA was determined by subtracting the BLVA LogMAR score from the DVA LogMAR score. RStudio v4.0.2 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing) was used for all analyses. Alpha was set <emph>a priori</emph> at 0.05.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-9">Results</hd> <p>Thirty-eight athletes who are D/HoH (age: 20.89 ± 2.20 yrs., height: 1.74 ± 0.12 m., weight: 74.77 ± 17.04 kg.) and 38 athletes who are hearing (age: 20.68 ± 1.32 yrs., height: 1.76 ± 0.09 m., weight: 77.40 ± 12.75 kg.) volunteered. Table 1 presents demographics for the entire sample.</p> <p>Table 1. Participant demographics.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td>Hearing n (%)</td><td>Deaf or Hard-of-Hearingn (%)</td><td><italic>p</italic>-value</td></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td><bold>Sex</bold></td><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td char=".">27 (71.05)</td><td char=".">31 (81.58)</td><td char=".">0.28</td></tr><tr><td>Female</td><td char=".">11 (28.95)</td><td char=".">7 (18.42)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Sport</bold></td><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>Soccer</td><td char=".">5 (13.16)</td><td char=".">14 (35.84)</td><td char="."><0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Basketball</td><td char=".">0 (0.00)</td><td char=".">3 (7.89)</td></tr><tr><td>Softball</td><td char=".">2 (5.26)</td><td char=".">1 (2.63)</td><td /></tr><tr><td>Baseball</td><td char=".">15 (39.47)</td><td char=".">1 (2.63)</td></tr><tr><td>Football</td><td char=".">0 (0.00)</td><td char=".">12 (31.58)</td></tr><tr><td>Track and Field</td><td char=".">0 (0.00)</td><td char=".">6 (15.79)</td></tr><tr><td>Swimming</td><td char=".">0 (0.00)</td><td char=".">1 (2.63)</td></tr><tr><td>Rugby</td><td char=".">7 (18.42)</td><td char=".">0 (0.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Hockey</td><td char=".">5 (13.16)</td><td char=".">0 (0.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Ultimate Disk</td><td char=".">4 (10.53)</td><td char=".">0 (0.00)</td><td /></tr><tr><td><bold>Concussion History</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td char=".">11 (28.95)</td><td char=".">8 (21.05)</td><td char=".">0.43</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td char=".">27 (71.05)</td><td char=".">30 (78.95)</td><td /></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>1 Note: Sex, sport, and concussion history p-value from chi-square test of independence.</p> <p>BLVA was −0.21 ± 0.63 LogMar for athletes who are hearing and −0.12 ± 0.14 for athletes who are D/HoH. There were no associations between hearing status and DVA yaw rotation to the right (hearing: −0.11 ± 0.87 LogMAR; D/HoH: −0.13 ± 0.11 LogMar) (χ<sups>2</sups> =0.04, p = 0.84) or left (hearing: −0.09 ± 0.18 LogMAR; D/HoH: −0.10 ± 0.99 LogMAR) (χ<sups>2</sups>=0.71, p = 0.40). Twenty-two of the 38 athletes who are D/HoH as well as 32 of the 38 athletes who are hearing had different responses for right and left DVA.</p> <p>Of those athletes who are D/HoH, 12 males who are hard-of-hearing and 19 males and 7 females who are deaf participated. Hearing loss status was significantly associated with sex (χ<sups>2</sups> (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref34">1</reflink>, n = 38) = 3.96, p = 0.04), time of hearing loss (χ<sups>2</sups> (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref35">1</reflink>, n = 38) = 7.44, p = 0.02), history of cochlear implant surgery (χ<sups>2</sups> (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref36">1</reflink>, n = 38) = 6.26, p = 0.01), right side degree of hearing loss (χ<sups>2</sups> (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref37">1</reflink>, n = 38) = 11.58, p = 0.02), and left side degree of hearing loss (χ<sups>2</sups> (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref38">1</reflink>, n = 38) = 15.60, p < 0.01). There were no associations between hearing loss status and DVA yaw rotation to the right (χ<sups>2</sups> =0.67, p = 0.41) or left (χ<sups>2</sups> =0.38, p = 0.51) (Table 1).</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-10">Discussion</hd> <p>Understanding DVA performance of athletes who are D/HoH may assist in rehabilitation programs, concussion management, and return-to-play decisions following injury. This study compared DVA performance of athletes who are D/HoH with athletes who are hearing; findings revealed no significant differences between the groups, though individual differences were noted. Analyses also revealed no differences in DVA performance between athletes who are deaf and athletes who are hard-of-hearing; however, caution should be taken with these results due to small sample size.</p> <p>Although a considerable amount of research has investigated vision in individuals who are D/HoH, there is limited information available on DVA performance of adults who are D/HoH. It is suggested that individuals who are D/HoH have larger peripheral visual field[<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref39">22</reflink>] and better peripheral field visual performance[<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref40">23</reflink>] but similar central visual performance[<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref41">24</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref42">25</reflink>] when compared to individuals who are hearing. Findings from Nakajima et al[<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref43">26</reflink>] suggest that DVA performance from individuals who are hearing were poorer on average compared to Deaflympic athletes who are D/HoH.[<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref44">26</reflink>] It should be noted that athletes who are hearing "engaged in sports" without additional clarification on the extent of their sport participation.[<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref45">26</reflink>] Nakajima et al[<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref46">26</reflink>] used a different device and assessment to quantify DVA than what was used in this study. Due to methodology differences, caution should be taken when comparing findings from the current study to those from Nakajima et al.[<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref47">26</reflink>]</p> <p>Participation in sport may aid in the development and sustainability of DVA performance of athletes who are D/HoH. Previous authors have suggested that individuals who participate in sport have superior DVA performance compared to individuals who do not;[<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref48">20</reflink>] it may be appropriate to assume then that individuals who are D/HoH and participate in sport may have improved DVA performance. Many individuals who are D/HoH use ASL[<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref49">21</reflink>], a visuospatial language, as their primary mode of communication,[<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref50">6</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref51">27</reflink>] which may influence DVA performance. The combination of sport participation and frequently engaging in ASL, visuospatial language may enhance DVA of athletes who are D/HoH to a level better than non-athletes and non-signers who are D/HoH or comparable to athletes who are hearing.</p> <p>Our results suggest there are no significant differences in DVA performance between athletes who are deaf and athletes who are hard-of-hearing. To the authors' knowledge, no literature exists which investigates the influence of degree of hearing loss on DVA performance. However, our results do not support findings of previous postural control literature which suggests that the greater the degree of hearing loss, the greater the degree of vestibular dysfunction[<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref52">28</reflink>] among individuals who are D/HoH.[<reflink idref="bib29" id="ref53">29</reflink>] Self-reported degree of hearing loss may not have been accurate and thus may have influenced DVA performance of athletes who are D/HoH.</p> <p>Healthcare professionals should consider DVA performance of athletes who are D/HoH and athletes who are hearing on an individual basis. Collecting additional baseline data of athletes who are D/HoH, such as postural control[<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref54">30</reflink>] and neurocognitive assessments,[<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref55">31</reflink>] will help confirm associations. Healthcare professionals may compare post-injury DVA scores of athletes who are D/HoH with existing normative data to see if differences exist; origin of normative data and level of competition should be considered to ensure appropriate comparisons.</p> <p>There are limitations to note from this study. Competition level was different between hearing groups. Additionally, hearing status was self-reported and therefore, may have been inaccurate. Although participants were allowed to wear contact lenses during testing, this may have influenced findings. Additionally, participant visual information such as refractive errors was not collected and may have influenced the results. Lastly, previous authors have suggested sport activity may influence DVA performance;[<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref56">20</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib32" id="ref57">32</reflink>] due to the small sample size and a large distribution of sport participation, sport was not included as a factor in the analysis. Future research should take objective hearing loss measures to look at the impact of degree of hearing loss on DVA as well as investigate the impact of sport participation, use of ASL, and history of cochlear implantation surgery on DVA.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-11">Conclusion</hd> <p>Hearing status did not influence DVA performance. Baseline assessment data is highly desirable; however, these findings suggest that baseline DVA scores may not be necessary for athletes who are D/HoH. Healthcare providers may be able to use existing normative DVA data to assist in concussion management and return-to-play decisions.</p> <hd id="AN0182090931-12">Conflict of interest disclosure</hd> <p>The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. The authors confirm that the research presented in this article met the ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements of the United States and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of The Ohio State University.</p> <ref id="AN0182090931-13"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref1" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald M. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006; 21 (5): 375 – 378. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200609000-00001.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref2" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Gessel LM, Fields SK, Collins CL, Dick RW, Comstock RD. 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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Comparing Dynamic Visual Acuity between Athletes Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing and Athletes Who Are Hearing
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matthew+P%2E+Brancaleone%22">Matthew P. Brancaleone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Laura+C%2E+Boucher%22">Laura C. Boucher</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jingzhen+Yang%22">Jingzhen Yang</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Daniel+Merfeld%22">Daniel Merfeld</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22James+A%2E+Onate%22">James A. Onate</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+American+College+Health%22"><i>Journal of American College Health</i></searchLink>. 2025 73(1):27-30.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 4
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Students+with+Disabilities%22">Students with Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Athletes%22">Student Athletes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deafness%22">Deafness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Athletics%22">College Athletics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hearing+Impairments%22">Hearing Impairments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hearing+%28Physiology%29%22">Hearing (Physiology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visual+Acuity%22">Visual Acuity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Universities%22">Universities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comparative+Analysis%22">Comparative Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Head+Injuries%22">Head Injuries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sports+Medicine%22">Sports Medicine</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ohio+%28Columbus%29%22">Ohio (Columbus)</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2198018
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0744-8481<br />1940-3208
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study examined the difference in the dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) between collegiate athletes who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (D/HoH) (n = 38) and university club-level athletes who are hearing (n = 38). Dynamic visual acuity was assessed using the Bertec Vision Advantage (Bertec® Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, USA). No statistically significant differences between athletes who are D/HoH and who are hearing were found in DVAT for leftward ([chi-squared] = 0.71, p = 0.40) or rightward ([chi-squared] = 0.04, p = 0.84) head yaw rotation around an earth vertical axis. Dynamic visual acuity was similar for athletes regardless of hearing status. Baseline DVAT data may be of use for post-injury management of athletes who are D/HoH.
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  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1456842
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1456842
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2198018
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 4
        StartPage: 27
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Students with Disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Athletes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deafness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Athletics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hearing Impairments
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hearing (Physiology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Visual Acuity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Universities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative Analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Head Injuries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sports Medicine
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ohio (Columbus)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Comparing Dynamic Visual Acuity between Athletes Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing and Athletes Who Are Hearing
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            NameFull: Matthew P. Brancaleone
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            NameFull: Jingzhen Yang
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            NameFull: Daniel Merfeld
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            NameFull: James A. Onate
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              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0744-8481
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              Value: 1940-3208
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              Value: 73
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