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Battle against Effects of Discrimination with Belonging and Support: Mental Health Risk and Protective Factors among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth

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Title: Battle against Effects of Discrimination with Belonging and Support: Mental Health Risk and Protective Factors among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth
Language: English
Authors: Yinuo Xu (ORCID 0000-0002-7463-8889), Alberto Valido, Cayson Tiedge, Dorothy L. Espelage
Source: School Mental Health. 2025 17(1):247-261.
Availability: Springer. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://link.springer.com/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: LGBTQ People, Minority Group Students, Gender Discrimination, Social Discrimination, Social Bias, Mental Health, Sense of Belonging, Parent Student Relationship, Youth, Student Experience, Depression (Psychology), Stress Variables
DOI: 10.1007/s12310-024-09723-0
ISSN: 1866-2625
1866-2633
Abstract: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth face elevated mental health risks. However, insights from minority stress theory and prevention science suggest that this disparity may result from increased exposure to minority stressors rather than their minoritized identities and that there are protective factors that can mitigate these higher risks. At the same time, research seldomly differentiates between gender minority (GM) and sexual minority (SM) experiences. The current study examines identity-based discrimination and the protective roles of parent support and school belonging on the mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, and suicide ideation and attempt) of 1,348 SM youth (79.5% female as assigned sex at birth 76.4% self-identified as White) and 322 GM youth aged 14-18 (82.0% female as assigned sex at birth, 79.7% self-identified as White). Using structural equation modeling with SM and GM youth in two separate models, results indicate that experiences of discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender, and disability were related to higher mental health risks. Such associations were not observed for discrimination based on race/ethnicity. School belonging was associated with lower mental health risks for both SM and GM youth, while the protective role of parental support was only observed for SM youth. Additionally, depression emerged as significant mediator of the indirect effect between risk and protective factors and suicide outcomes. Our findings point to varied experiences among SGM youth with diverse identities, as well as distinct experiences for SM and GM youth, suggesting tailored intervention and prevention approaches for each group.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1466643
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Battle against Effects of Discrimination with Belonging and Support: Mental Health Risk and Protective Factors among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yinuo+Xu%22">Yinuo Xu</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-8889">0000-0002-7463-8889</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alberto+Valido%22">Alberto Valido</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cayson+Tiedge%22">Cayson Tiedge</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dorothy+L%2E+Espelage%22">Dorothy L. Espelage</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22School+Mental+Health%22"><i>School Mental Health</i></searchLink>. 2025 17(1):247-261.
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  Data: Springer. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://link.springer.com/
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22LGBTQ+People%22">LGBTQ People</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Minority+Group+Students%22">Minority Group Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Discrimination%22">Gender Discrimination</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Discrimination%22">Social Discrimination</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Bias%22">Social Bias</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+Health%22">Mental Health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sense+of+Belonging%22">Sense of Belonging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Student+Relationship%22">Parent Student Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Youth%22">Youth</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Experience%22">Student Experience</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Depression+%28Psychology%29%22">Depression (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stress+Variables%22">Stress Variables</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1007/s12310-024-09723-0
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  Data: 1866-2625<br />1866-2633
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  Data: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth face elevated mental health risks. However, insights from minority stress theory and prevention science suggest that this disparity may result from increased exposure to minority stressors rather than their minoritized identities and that there are protective factors that can mitigate these higher risks. At the same time, research seldomly differentiates between gender minority (GM) and sexual minority (SM) experiences. The current study examines identity-based discrimination and the protective roles of parent support and school belonging on the mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, and suicide ideation and attempt) of 1,348 SM youth (79.5% female as assigned sex at birth 76.4% self-identified as White) and 322 GM youth aged 14-18 (82.0% female as assigned sex at birth, 79.7% self-identified as White). Using structural equation modeling with SM and GM youth in two separate models, results indicate that experiences of discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender, and disability were related to higher mental health risks. Such associations were not observed for discrimination based on race/ethnicity. School belonging was associated with lower mental health risks for both SM and GM youth, while the protective role of parental support was only observed for SM youth. Additionally, depression emerged as significant mediator of the indirect effect between risk and protective factors and suicide outcomes. Our findings point to varied experiences among SGM youth with diverse identities, as well as distinct experiences for SM and GM youth, suggesting tailored intervention and prevention approaches for each group.
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