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A Visual Generalization Gradient of Conceptual Stimuli Based on Fear Acquisition in Visual and Auditory Modalities

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Title: A Visual Generalization Gradient of Conceptual Stimuli Based on Fear Acquisition in Visual and Auditory Modalities
Language: English
Authors: Xin Liu, Benjamin Becker, Ya Jie Wang, Ying Mei, Haoran Dou (ORCID 0000-0003-2915-1569), Yi Lei
Source: npj Science of Learning. 2025 10.
Availability: Nature Portfolio. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://www.nature.com/npjscilearn/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 9
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Fear, Conditioning, Sensory Experience, Visual Stimuli, Auditory Stimuli, Multisensory Learning, Expectation, Spectroscopy, Physiology, Emotional Response, Generalization, Anxiety Disorders
DOI: 10.1038/s41539-025-00318-1
ISSN: 2056-7936
Abstract: This study investigates crossmodal fear generalization, testing whether conditioned fear spreads between different sensory modalities. Participants in the unimodal group were presented with visual stimuli--images of a sparrow (CS+) and a laptop (CS-)--while the crossmodal group received auditory stimuli--sparrow calls (CS+) and keyboard typing sounds (CS-). During the generalization phase, both groups were presented with conceptually similar visual stimuli (GSs) with varying similarity to the CS+ (e.g. high: Pigeon, moderate: Duck, low: Goat). Measures included US expectancy ratings, skin conductance responses (SCR), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results showed successful fear acquisition in both groups, with significantly higher US expectancy ratings, SCR, and mPFC HbO activity for CS+ compared to CS-. Both groups exhibited a gradient effect during the generalization phase, with GSs that were more perceptually similar to the CS+ eliciting higher US expectancy ratings. These findings support crossmodal fear generalization and offer new insights into the overgeneralization of fear in anxiety disorders.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1474274
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xin+Liu%22">Xin Liu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Benjamin+Becker%22">Benjamin Becker</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ya+Jie+Wang%22">Ya Jie Wang</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ying+Mei%22">Ying Mei</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haoran+Dou%22">Haoran Dou</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2915-1569">0000-0003-2915-1569</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yi+Lei%22">Yi Lei</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22npj+Science+of+Learning%22"><i>npj Science of Learning</i></searchLink>. 2025 10.
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  Data: Nature Portfolio. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://www.nature.com/npjscilearn/
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  Data: 10.1038/s41539-025-00318-1
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  Data: 2056-7936
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  Data: This study investigates crossmodal fear generalization, testing whether conditioned fear spreads between different sensory modalities. Participants in the unimodal group were presented with visual stimuli--images of a sparrow (CS+) and a laptop (CS-)--while the crossmodal group received auditory stimuli--sparrow calls (CS+) and keyboard typing sounds (CS-). During the generalization phase, both groups were presented with conceptually similar visual stimuli (GSs) with varying similarity to the CS+ (e.g. high: Pigeon, moderate: Duck, low: Goat). Measures included US expectancy ratings, skin conductance responses (SCR), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results showed successful fear acquisition in both groups, with significantly higher US expectancy ratings, SCR, and mPFC HbO activity for CS+ compared to CS-. Both groups exhibited a gradient effect during the generalization phase, with GSs that were more perceptually similar to the CS+ eliciting higher US expectancy ratings. These findings support crossmodal fear generalization and offer new insights into the overgeneralization of fear in anxiety disorders.
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        Value: 10.1038/s41539-025-00318-1
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      – Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Conditioning
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      – SubjectFull: Visual Stimuli
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      – SubjectFull: Auditory Stimuli
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      – SubjectFull: Emotional Response
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      – SubjectFull: Generalization
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      – SubjectFull: Anxiety Disorders
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      – TitleFull: A Visual Generalization Gradient of Conceptual Stimuli Based on Fear Acquisition in Visual and Auditory Modalities
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