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Individual and Contextual Factors Determining School Belonging of Adolescents in the UK: Evidence from PISA

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Title: Individual and Contextual Factors Determining School Belonging of Adolescents in the UK: Evidence from PISA
Language: English
Authors: Olympia Palikara (ORCID 0000-0003-3357-9736), Arielle Bonneville-Roussy (ORCID 0000-0001-7909-8845), Kelly-Ann Allen (ORCID 0000-0002-6813-0034)
Source: School Mental Health. 2025 17(2):598-613.
Availability: Springer. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://link.springer.com/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 16
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Secondary Education
Descriptors: Sense of Belonging, Student School Relationship, Adolescents, Secondary School Students, Student Attitudes, Academic Achievement, Student Motivation, Gender Differences, Class Size, Institutional Characteristics, Foreign Countries, Socioeconomic Status, Extracurricular Activities, Intervention, Achievement Tests, International Assessment
Geographic Terms: United Kingdom
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Program for International Student Assessment
DOI: 10.1007/s12310-024-09725-y
ISSN: 1866-2625
1866-2633
Abstract: There has been long discussion in educational psychology about the individual factors that promote pupils' sense of school belonging during secondary education. However, the literature on the school factors associated with these outcomes seems to be less informed. By utilising an ecological-systemic approach, the present study aimed to consider the predictive role of a range of individual and school factors including academic achievement, motivation, gender, class size, extracurricular resources, and type of school attended. To do this, UK data of a large, current and representative sample of 14,157 15-year-old pupils in 550 schools from the Programme for the International Student Assessment (PISA) study were analysed. Using a multi-level structural equation modelling framework, results indicated that the individual-level factors statistically significant associated with pupils' sense of belonging were academic motivation, gender, and socio-economic status, explaining 6% of the student-level variance. School factors that predicted sense of school belonging included availability of extracurricular activities, and class size, explaining 39% of the school-level variance. Our results provide strong evidence concerning the importance of school factors that may be more malleable to change, when compared to individual factors, in determining pupils' sense of belonging. We propose a theoretical framework that integrates the role of individual and school factors to advance knowledge concerning pathways for the development of evidence-based intervention targeting the improvement of school belonging.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1476733
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Individual and Contextual Factors Determining School Belonging of Adolescents in the UK: Evidence from PISA
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Olympia+Palikara%22">Olympia Palikara</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3357-9736">0000-0003-3357-9736</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arielle+Bonneville-Roussy%22">Arielle Bonneville-Roussy</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-8845">0000-0001-7909-8845</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kelly-Ann+Allen%22">Kelly-Ann Allen</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6813-0034">0000-0002-6813-0034</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22School+Mental+Health%22"><i>School Mental Health</i></searchLink>. 2025 17(2):598-613.
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  Data: Springer. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://link.springer.com/
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+Kingdom%22">United Kingdom</searchLink>
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  Data: There has been long discussion in educational psychology about the individual factors that promote pupils' sense of school belonging during secondary education. However, the literature on the school factors associated with these outcomes seems to be less informed. By utilising an ecological-systemic approach, the present study aimed to consider the predictive role of a range of individual and school factors including academic achievement, motivation, gender, class size, extracurricular resources, and type of school attended. To do this, UK data of a large, current and representative sample of 14,157 15-year-old pupils in 550 schools from the Programme for the International Student Assessment (PISA) study were analysed. Using a multi-level structural equation modelling framework, results indicated that the individual-level factors statistically significant associated with pupils' sense of belonging were academic motivation, gender, and socio-economic status, explaining 6% of the student-level variance. School factors that predicted sense of school belonging included availability of extracurricular activities, and class size, explaining 39% of the school-level variance. Our results provide strong evidence concerning the importance of school factors that may be more malleable to change, when compared to individual factors, in determining pupils' sense of belonging. We propose a theoretical framework that integrates the role of individual and school factors to advance knowledge concerning pathways for the development of evidence-based intervention targeting the improvement of school belonging.
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