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Can You Make Me Laugh? Toddlers' and Parents' Shared Positive Expressions in Playful Interactions

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Title: Can You Make Me Laugh? Toddlers' and Parents' Shared Positive Expressions in Playful Interactions
Language: English
Authors: Anja Gampe (ORCID 0000-0001-9812-9694), Sonja Heintz (ORCID 0000-0002-6229-7095), Jennifer Hofmann (ORCID 0000-0003-3972-3831)
Source: Social Development. 2025 34(3).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 16
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Parent Child Relationship, Toddlers, Interaction, Play, Nonverbal Communication, Positive Attitudes, Self Expression
DOI: 10.1111/sode.12809
ISSN: 0961-205X
1467-9507
Abstract: Laughter and smiling are frequently experienced in social settings, yet more research is required to delineate their development and dynamics. We investigated toddlers' and parents' shared positive expressions in playful interactions. We observed eighty 30-month-old toddler-parent dyads in two phases of 8 min in length. In each, one person was asked to make the other laugh (parent phase) or to show how much fun they were having (child phase). Using the facial action coding system (FACS), we coded the temporal occurrence and intensity of Duchenne displays (smiles and laughs) and non-Duchenne displays (e.g., social smiles) for toddlers and parents. We then applied cross-recurrence quantification analysis, which showed that shared positive expressions were present. Smiles and laughter were initiated by both parents and toddlers. Further, using Shannon entropy, parents' and toddlers' variability in smile and laughter intensity was predictive of shared positive expressions. Finally, parents' and toddlers' smile and laughter intensities were strongly and positively associated. Overall, our study showed that experiencing, initiating, and dynamically expressing smiles and laughter develop early and are settled within interactive frames.
Abstractor: As Provided
Notes: https://osf.io/cfnt4
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1478572
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Can You Make Me Laugh? Toddlers' and Parents' Shared Positive Expressions in Playful Interactions
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anja+Gampe%22">Anja Gampe</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9812-9694">0000-0001-9812-9694</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sonja+Heintz%22">Sonja Heintz</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-7095">0000-0002-6229-7095</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jennifer+Hofmann%22">Jennifer Hofmann</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-3831">0000-0003-3972-3831</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Social+Development%22"><i>Social Development</i></searchLink>. 2025 34(3).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 16
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Child+Relationship%22">Parent Child Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Toddlers%22">Toddlers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interaction%22">Interaction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Play%22">Play</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nonverbal+Communication%22">Nonverbal Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Positive+Attitudes%22">Positive Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Self+Expression%22">Self Expression</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1111/sode.12809
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  Data: Laughter and smiling are frequently experienced in social settings, yet more research is required to delineate their development and dynamics. We investigated toddlers' and parents' shared positive expressions in playful interactions. We observed eighty 30-month-old toddler-parent dyads in two phases of 8 min in length. In each, one person was asked to make the other laugh (parent phase) or to show how much fun they were having (child phase). Using the facial action coding system (FACS), we coded the temporal occurrence and intensity of Duchenne displays (smiles and laughs) and non-Duchenne displays (e.g., social smiles) for toddlers and parents. We then applied cross-recurrence quantification analysis, which showed that shared positive expressions were present. Smiles and laughter were initiated by both parents and toddlers. Further, using Shannon entropy, parents' and toddlers' variability in smile and laughter intensity was predictive of shared positive expressions. Finally, parents' and toddlers' smile and laughter intensities were strongly and positively associated. Overall, our study showed that experiencing, initiating, and dynamically expressing smiles and laughter develop early and are settled within interactive frames.
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toddlers
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      – SubjectFull: Interaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Play
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      – SubjectFull: Nonverbal Communication
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      – SubjectFull: Positive Attitudes
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      – SubjectFull: Self Expression
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      – TitleFull: Can You Make Me Laugh? Toddlers' and Parents' Shared Positive Expressions in Playful Interactions
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            NameFull: Anja Gampe
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            NameFull: Sonja Heintz
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            NameFull: Jennifer Hofmann
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              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 34
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            – TitleFull: Social Development
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