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Differences Exist in Utilization of School Based Health Centers by School Semester and by Proportion of Low-Income Students

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Title: Differences Exist in Utilization of School Based Health Centers by School Semester and by Proportion of Low-Income Students
Language: English
Authors: Jenna Van Draanen, Taylor C. Ryan (ORCID 0000-0001-7484-4749), Luciano Garofalo (ORCID 0000-0003-3211-9279), Brenda Y. Goh (ORCID 0009-0001-6079-4629), Sara Rigel, Samantha T. Yeun, Erin MacDougall, Michael Nash (ORCID 0000-0003-1950-5837)
Source: Journal of School Health. 2025 95(9):723-730.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 8
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Junior High Schools
Middle Schools
Secondary Education
High Schools
Descriptors: School Health Services, Access to Health Care, Elementary Schools, Middle Schools, High Schools, Racial Differences, Income, Attendance, Correlation, Student Characteristics
Geographic Terms: Washington (Seattle)
DOI: 10.1111/josh.70045
ISSN: 0022-4391
1746-1561
Abstract: Background: School based health centers (SBHCs) are essential for providing health care to students. Literature demonstrates student characteristics such as race and income are associated with SBHC utilization; however, little data exists on temporal trends in utilization. This gap in knowledge is crucial for informing policies and resource allocation. Methods: This study examined utilization across 27 SBHCs at elementary, middle, and high schools in King County, Seattle from 2017 to 2021. Negative binomial models with random intercepts were constructed to evaluate semester-level variation in utilization, accounting for school-level differences in race, income, and attendance. Interaction models were constructed to test for effect modification of utilization by race, income, and attendance. Results: Findings indicate that higher rates of utilization occurred in the fall. There was a decrease in utilization during the study, potentially due to the pandemic. Lower school-level income was positively and significantly associated with higher utilization and none of the interaction models were significant. Implications: Our study holds important implications for planning and policy recommendations surrounding SBHC care delivery, such as the potential need for more staffing to meet the higher demand in the fall. Conclusion: SBHC utilization varies by semester and schools serving low-income communities may experience higher rates of utilization, requiring increased staffing needs.
Abstractor: As Provided
Notes: www.ashaweb.org
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1479153
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: eric
DbLabel: ERIC
An: EJ1479153
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
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  Data: Differences Exist in Utilization of School Based Health Centers by School Semester and by Proportion of Low-Income Students
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  Label: Language
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jenna+Van+Draanen%22">Jenna Van Draanen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Taylor+C%2E+Ryan%22">Taylor C. Ryan</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7484-4749">0000-0001-7484-4749</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luciano+Garofalo%22">Luciano Garofalo</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3211-9279">0000-0003-3211-9279</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brenda+Y%2E+Goh%22">Brenda Y. Goh</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6079-4629">0009-0001-6079-4629</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sara+Rigel%22">Sara Rigel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Samantha+T%2E+Yeun%22">Samantha T. Yeun</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Erin+MacDougall%22">Erin MacDougall</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Michael+Nash%22">Michael Nash</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1950-5837">0000-0003-1950-5837</externalLink>)
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  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+School+Health%22"><i>Journal of School Health</i></searchLink>. 2025 95(9):723-730.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
– Name: PeerReviewed
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  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 8
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Junior+High+Schools%22">Junior High Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Middle+Schools%22">Middle Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22High+Schools%22">High Schools</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Health+Services%22">School Health Services</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Access+to+Health+Care%22">Access to Health Care</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+Schools%22">Elementary Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Middle+Schools%22">Middle Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+Schools%22">High Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Racial+Differences%22">Racial Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Income%22">Income</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attendance%22">Attendance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Correlation%22">Correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Characteristics%22">Student Characteristics</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Washington+%28Seattle%29%22">Washington (Seattle)</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1111/josh.70045
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0022-4391<br />1746-1561
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: School based health centers (SBHCs) are essential for providing health care to students. Literature demonstrates student characteristics such as race and income are associated with SBHC utilization; however, little data exists on temporal trends in utilization. This gap in knowledge is crucial for informing policies and resource allocation. Methods: This study examined utilization across 27 SBHCs at elementary, middle, and high schools in King County, Seattle from 2017 to 2021. Negative binomial models with random intercepts were constructed to evaluate semester-level variation in utilization, accounting for school-level differences in race, income, and attendance. Interaction models were constructed to test for effect modification of utilization by race, income, and attendance. Results: Findings indicate that higher rates of utilization occurred in the fall. There was a decrease in utilization during the study, potentially due to the pandemic. Lower school-level income was positively and significantly associated with higher utilization and none of the interaction models were significant. Implications: Our study holds important implications for planning and policy recommendations surrounding SBHC care delivery, such as the potential need for more staffing to meet the higher demand in the fall. Conclusion: SBHC utilization varies by semester and schools serving low-income communities may experience higher rates of utilization, requiring increased staffing needs.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: Note
  Label: Notes
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  Data: www.ashaweb.org
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  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
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  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1479153
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1479153
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        Value: 10.1111/josh.70045
    Languages:
      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 8
        StartPage: 723
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: School Health Services
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Access to Health Care
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary Schools
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Middle Schools
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High Schools
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      – SubjectFull: Racial Differences
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      – SubjectFull: Income
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      – SubjectFull: Attendance
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      – SubjectFull: Correlation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Characteristics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Washington (Seattle)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Differences Exist in Utilization of School Based Health Centers by School Semester and by Proportion of Low-Income Students
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              Y: 2025
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