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Senior High School Students Thinking Levels in Permutation and Combination Using Solo Taxonomy

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Title: Senior High School Students Thinking Levels in Permutation and Combination Using Solo Taxonomy
Language: English
Authors: Stephen Junior Appiah (ORCID 0009-0002-9061-4964), Emmanuel Kojo Amoah (ORCID 0009-0007-4143-4189), Emmanuel Antwi Adjei (ORCID 0009-0001-5566-6569), Peter Akayuure (ORCID 0000-0002-2642-0738)
Source: Asian Journal of Contemporary Education. 2025 9(2):143-155.
Availability: AESS Publications. 2637 East Atantic Boulevaard #43110, Pompano Beach, FL 33062. e-mail: editor@aessweb.com; Web site: http://www.aessweb.com/journals/5052
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: High Schools
Secondary Education
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, High School Students, Mathematics Education, Abstract Reasoning, Thinking Skills, Critical Thinking, Mathematical Concepts, Comprehension
Geographic Terms: Ghana
ISSN: 2617-1252
Abstract: Although the Ghanaian mathematics curriculum emphasizes critical thinking as a core competence, students still appear to lack this skill. In this mixed-method study, the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome (SOLO) taxonomy was used to assess senior high school students' thinking levels in permutation and combination. A sample of 256 males and 104 females was randomly selected from three senior high schools for the study. The data were collected using tests and interviews, and analyzed descriptively and inferentially using Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results showed that while only one-fifth of the students reached the higher relational and extended abstract thinking levels, the majority (73.9%) remained at the lower levels of pre-structural, unistructural, and multi-structural thinking. These students struggled to apply basic counting and multiplication principles in solving higher-order thinking problems. The Kruskal-Wallis H test further revealed statistically significant differences in thinking levels across the study programmes. General Science students demonstrated the highest thinking levels, followed by General Agriculture and Business students. The study concluded that students' thinking levels in permutation and combination were low. It is recommended that teachers, textbook authors, and curriculum developers adopt representations and activity-based teaching strategies to help students develop a conceptual understanding of the topic.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1483722
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Senior High School Students Thinking Levels in Permutation and Combination Using Solo Taxonomy
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stephen+Junior+Appiah%22">Stephen Junior Appiah</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9061-4964">0009-0002-9061-4964</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Emmanuel+Kojo+Amoah%22">Emmanuel Kojo Amoah</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4143-4189">0009-0007-4143-4189</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Emmanuel+Antwi+Adjei%22">Emmanuel Antwi Adjei</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5566-6569">0009-0001-5566-6569</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peter+Akayuure%22">Peter Akayuure</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2642-0738">0000-0002-2642-0738</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Asian+Journal+of+Contemporary+Education%22"><i>Asian Journal of Contemporary Education</i></searchLink>. 2025 9(2):143-155.
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  Data: AESS Publications. 2637 East Atantic Boulevaard #43110, Pompano Beach, FL 33062. e-mail: editor@aessweb.com; Web site: http://www.aessweb.com/journals/5052
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  Data: 13
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22High+Schools%22">High Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+School+Students%22">High School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematics+Education%22">Mathematics Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Abstract+Reasoning%22">Abstract Reasoning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thinking+Skills%22">Thinking Skills</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Critical+Thinking%22">Critical Thinking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+Concepts%22">Mathematical Concepts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comprehension%22">Comprehension</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ghana%22">Ghana</searchLink>
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  Data: Although the Ghanaian mathematics curriculum emphasizes critical thinking as a core competence, students still appear to lack this skill. In this mixed-method study, the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome (SOLO) taxonomy was used to assess senior high school students' thinking levels in permutation and combination. A sample of 256 males and 104 females was randomly selected from three senior high schools for the study. The data were collected using tests and interviews, and analyzed descriptively and inferentially using Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results showed that while only one-fifth of the students reached the higher relational and extended abstract thinking levels, the majority (73.9%) remained at the lower levels of pre-structural, unistructural, and multi-structural thinking. These students struggled to apply basic counting and multiplication principles in solving higher-order thinking problems. The Kruskal-Wallis H test further revealed statistically significant differences in thinking levels across the study programmes. General Science students demonstrated the highest thinking levels, followed by General Agriculture and Business students. The study concluded that students' thinking levels in permutation and combination were low. It is recommended that teachers, textbook authors, and curriculum developers adopt representations and activity-based teaching strategies to help students develop a conceptual understanding of the topic.
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  Data: 2025
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 143
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High School Students
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      – SubjectFull: Mathematics Education
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      – SubjectFull: Abstract Reasoning
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      – SubjectFull: Thinking Skills
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      – SubjectFull: Critical Thinking
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      – SubjectFull: Mathematical Concepts
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      – SubjectFull: Comprehension
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      – SubjectFull: Ghana
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      – TitleFull: Senior High School Students Thinking Levels in Permutation and Combination Using Solo Taxonomy
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