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How Classmates' Evaluation of and Behavior toward (Victimized) Children Affects Their Well-Being: An Examination of Implicit and Explicit Processes

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Title: How Classmates' Evaluation of and Behavior toward (Victimized) Children Affects Their Well-Being: An Examination of Implicit and Explicit Processes
Language: English
Authors: Tessa A. M. Lansu (ORCID 0000-0003-2419-0315), Hannah K. Peetz, Nathalie A. H. Hoekstra, Yvonne H. M. van den Berg
Source: International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2025 49(6):605-626.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 22
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Early Childhood Education
Elementary Education
Grade 3
Primary Education
Grade 4
Intermediate Grades
Grade 5
Middle Schools
Grade 6
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Victims, Peer Relationship, Well Being, Bullying, Student Attitudes, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade 5, Grade 6, Student Behavior, Elementary School Students, Intention
Geographic Terms: Netherlands
DOI: 10.1177/01650254251356493
ISSN: 0165-0254
1464-0651
Abstract: As people have the need to belong, receiving negative social cues from group members can lead to poor well-being in the recipient. This may be even more pronounced in victims of bullying, yet these social cues may not only be communicated on a deliberate or explicit level. This preregistered study (https://osf.io/4ksyz) therefore examines classmates' implicit and explicit attitudes as well as automatic behavior and deliberate behavior intentions toward children and their concurrent and longitudinal effect on these children's well-being. Self and peer reports of well-being (sadness, anger, withdrawal, reactive aggression) and self-reported victimization were measured twice among 948 Dutch third to sixth graders in 46 classrooms. We measured classmates' implicit (Approach Avoidance Task [AAT]) and explicit (liking) attitude and automatic (facial expression) and deliberate (intended) behavior toward a victimized and a neutral child. Results show that classmates' uncivil deliberate behavior intentions toward a child were associated with that child developing more anger and internalizing problems over time. For victimized children specifically, classmates' uncivil behavior intentions toward them additionally posed a risk for developing more reactive aggression over time. Victims also experienced poorer well-being and received more uncivil deliberate behavior intentions from classmates than their non-victimized counterparts, but classmates' attitudes and behavior were not related to the continuation of the victimization itself. These results suggest that in addition to efforts to stop the victimization itself, aiming to prevent victims from being exposed to deliberate uncivil acts by peers might benefit their well-being.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1490854
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: How Classmates' Evaluation of and Behavior toward (Victimized) Children Affects Their Well-Being: An Examination of Implicit and Explicit Processes
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tessa+A%2E+M%2E+Lansu%22">Tessa A. M. Lansu</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2419-0315">0000-0003-2419-0315</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hannah+K%2E+Peetz%22">Hannah K. Peetz</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nathalie+A%2E+H%2E+Hoekstra%22">Nathalie A. H. Hoekstra</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yvonne+H%2E+M%2E+van+den+Berg%22">Yvonne H. M. van den Berg</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22International+Journal+of+Behavioral+Development%22"><i>International Journal of Behavioral Development</i></searchLink>. 2025 49(6):605-626.
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Label: Peer Reviewed
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  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
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  Data: 22
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  Label: Publication Date
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Early+Childhood+Education%22">Early Childhood Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+3%22">Grade 3</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Primary+Education%22">Primary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+4%22">Grade 4</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Intermediate+Grades%22">Intermediate Grades</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+5%22">Grade 5</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Middle+Schools%22">Middle Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+6%22">Grade 6</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Victims%22">Victims</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Peer+Relationship%22">Peer Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Well+Being%22">Well Being</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bullying%22">Bullying</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Attitudes%22">Student Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+3%22">Grade 3</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+4%22">Grade 4</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+5%22">Grade 5</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+6%22">Grade 6</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Behavior%22">Student Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+School+Students%22">Elementary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intention%22">Intention</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Netherlands%22">Netherlands</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1177/01650254251356493
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0165-0254<br />1464-0651
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: As people have the need to belong, receiving negative social cues from group members can lead to poor well-being in the recipient. This may be even more pronounced in victims of bullying, yet these social cues may not only be communicated on a deliberate or explicit level. This preregistered study (https://osf.io/4ksyz) therefore examines classmates' implicit and explicit attitudes as well as automatic behavior and deliberate behavior intentions toward children and their concurrent and longitudinal effect on these children's well-being. Self and peer reports of well-being (sadness, anger, withdrawal, reactive aggression) and self-reported victimization were measured twice among 948 Dutch third to sixth graders in 46 classrooms. We measured classmates' implicit (Approach Avoidance Task [AAT]) and explicit (liking) attitude and automatic (facial expression) and deliberate (intended) behavior toward a victimized and a neutral child. Results show that classmates' uncivil deliberate behavior intentions toward a child were associated with that child developing more anger and internalizing problems over time. For victimized children specifically, classmates' uncivil behavior intentions toward them additionally posed a risk for developing more reactive aggression over time. Victims also experienced poorer well-being and received more uncivil deliberate behavior intentions from classmates than their non-victimized counterparts, but classmates' attitudes and behavior were not related to the continuation of the victimization itself. These results suggest that in addition to efforts to stop the victimization itself, aiming to prevent victims from being exposed to deliberate uncivil acts by peers might benefit their well-being.
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: EJ1490854
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        Value: 10.1177/01650254251356493
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 605
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Victims
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      – SubjectFull: Peer Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Well Being
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      – SubjectFull: Bullying
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      – SubjectFull: Grade 5
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      – SubjectFull: Grade 6
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      – SubjectFull: Student Behavior
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      – SubjectFull: Elementary School Students
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      – SubjectFull: Intention
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      – SubjectFull: Netherlands
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: How Classmates' Evaluation of and Behavior toward (Victimized) Children Affects Their Well-Being: An Examination of Implicit and Explicit Processes
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